Exam 2 (Chapter 4, 5, & 6) (Lecture Notes and Book Notes)

In Canada, there is a Tri-Council Policy Statement. What are the three core principals of these statements?

1. Respect for persons

2. Beneficence/concern for welfare

3. Justice

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection.

Respect for persons

The right of research participants to learn about a research project, know its risks and benefits, and decided whether to participate.

Informed Consent

In obtaining informed consent, researchers are not allowed to mislead people about the study's risks and benefits. Nor may they coerce or unduly influence a person into participating. If they do so they would be violating what?

The principal of respect for persons

An implicit or explicit suggestion that those who do not participate will suffer a negative consequence.

Coercion

The second application of ___ for persons states that some people have less autonomy, so they are entitled to special protection when it comes to informed consent.

respect

Children, people with cognitive impairments, and prisoners are an example of?

People who are unable to give informed consent there for they need to be protected.

The principle that refers to people's physical and mental health and living conditions is termed the principle of ___.

Beneficence

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote their well-being. Also called the concern for welfare.

Beneficence

The principal of Beneficence in the Belmont Report is called what?

Concern for Welfare

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study failed to treat the participants in accordance with the principle of ___;

Beneficence

A research study in which identifying information is not collected, thereby completely protecting the identity of participants.

Anonymous study

A research study in which identifying information is collected but protected from disclosure to people other than the researchers,

Confidential study

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in the research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.

Justice

The Tuskegee Syphilis study illustrates a violation of the principal of ___. All can contract syphilis but only low income black men were studied.

Justice

When the principal of ___ is applied, it means that researchers consider the extent to which the participants involved in a study representative of the kinds of people who would benefit from its results.

Justice

___ further requires that the benefits of research be shared with all social groups equally, no matter their status in society.

Justice

No matter their status in society, people have equal moral value. As research participants, they should be treated as autonomous agents who are able to decide whether or not to participate in research.

Principal for respect the persons

People should be protected from harm, and their physical and mental welfare should be promoted.

Principle of beneficence/Concern for welfare

Research participants bear a burden for their participation in research, so they should fairly represent those who will potentially benefit from the research.

Principle of Justice

Each principle has at least one application in the research context. Can you identify the applications that belong in the respect for persons category? Select all that apply.

A. Research participants need to provide uncoerced, fully informed consent.

B. Participants from vulnerable populations are entitled to special protections.

C. Researchers carefully assess the risks of participating in a study as well as the benefits the research can potentially have for the community or for society.

D. Researchers consider the extent to which the sample of people who participate in their research represent the people who benefit from it.

A and B

Each principle has at least one application in the research context. Can you identify the applications that belong in the beneficence/concern for welfare category? Select all that apply.

A. Research participants need to provide uncoerced, fully informed consent.

B. Participants from vulnerable populations are entitled to special protections.

C. Researchers carefully assess the risks of participating in a study as well as the benefits the research can potentially have for the community or for society.

D. Researchers consider the extent to which the sample of people who participate in their research represent the people who benefit from it.

C

Each principle has at least one application in the research context. Can you identify the applications that belong in the justice category? Select all that apply.

A. Research participants need to provide uncoerced, fully informed consent.

B. Participants from vulnerable populations are entitled to special protections.

C. Researchers carefully assess the risks of participating in a study as well as the benefits the research can potentially have for the community or for society.

D. Researchers consider the extent to which the sample of people who participate in their research represent the people who benefit from it.

D

Here are some specific examples of how to apply each principle. Select the application that belongs in the respect for persons category.

A. A cognitive psychologist decides not to invite students in his undergraduate memory class to participate in a research study in his lab because the students might worry that being in his study will affect their course grade.

B. Before running a study using an MRI scanner, a neuroscientist develops a plan for how to reduce the anxiety of participants who do not like being in enclosed spaces.

C. An educational psychologist studying mathematics learning strategies decides to recruit participants from both majority-Black high schools and majority-White high schools.

A

Here are some specific examples of how to apply each principle. Select the application that belongs in the beneficence/concern for welfare category.

A. A social psychologist is studying how couples argue in the lab. After couples discuss a conflict for 5 minutes in the lab, they will be asked to discuss a positive memory, so the session ends on a positive note.

B. Before participants agree to the study, a researcher makes sure to tell participants that they will be filmed during their participation and gives them the chance to opt out.

C. A developmental science team recruits only lower-income foster care parents for their research, because the research question is specifically focused on supporting lower-income foster care parents.

A

Here are some specific examples of how to apply each principle. Select the application that belongs in the beneficence/concern for welfare category.

A. A clinical psychologist studying the efficacy of mindfulness-based therapy for anxiety uses data encryption and strong passwords to protect the identities of her research participants.

B. A team of psychologists is studying how 5-year-olds learn to read. The children's parents sign informed consent forms, and the children also assent to be in the study.

C. A social psychologist studying identity issues in an indigenous community takes several months to develop relationships with community members and collaborates with them to develop meaningful research hypotheses.

C

T/F: In the United States, federally funded agencies must follow the Common Rule, which describes detailed ways the three Belmont Report principles should be applied in research

True

T/F: In USA, researchers must comply with the Interagency Advisory Panel on Research Ethics, which interprets the TCPS.

False. In Canada, researchers must comply with the Interagency Advisory Panel on Research Ethics, which interprets the TCPS.

T/F: North American psychologists can consult the ethics codes of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2016) or Canadian Psychological Association (CPA, 2017;)

True

The APA outlines ___ and the CPA states ___ general principles for guiding individual aspects of ethical behavior.

5;4

The associations add principles that concern psychologists specifically, such as __, ___, and (APA) and ___ ___ ____ (CPA).

integrity, fidelity, and responsibility (APA) and integrity in relationships (CPA).

Psychologist members who violates any of the APA or CPA standards of ethical can lose their professional license or may be ____ in some other way of association.

Disciplined

A committee responsible for ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

In Canada the IRB is refereed to as _____ ___ ___.

Research Ethics Board (REB)

In the United States, research conducted by _____ ______ does not have to use an IRB or follow any particular ethical guidelines

private businesses

IRBs and REBs must include ___ __ ___ people, some of whom must come from specified backgrounds. Some must be researchers, and one must be a community member with no ties to the institution.

5 or more

The Researcher's obligation to explain the study to potential participants in everyday language and give them a chance to decided whether to participate.

Informed Consent

The withholding of some details of a study from participants or the act of actively lying to them.

Deception

Researchers withholding some details from participants

deception through omission

Researchers actively lie to participants

Deception through commission

T/F: Deceiving research participants by lying to them or by withholding information is, in many cases, necessary in order to obtain meaningful results.

true

When researchers have used deception in a study, they must spend time after the study talking with each participant in structured conversations. What is this called?

Debriefing

T/F: Nondeceptive studies at not required to included a debriefing session.

False. They are required to debrief as well.

What are two forms of research misconduct involving manipulating results?

Data Fabrication and Falsification

A form of research misconduct in which a researcher invents data that fit the hypothesis.

Data Fabrication

A form of research misconduct in which a researcher influenced a study's results, perhaps by deleting observations from a dataset or by influencing participants to act in the hypothesized way.

Data falsification

Research misconduct violates two current goals of psychological science, What are they?

Openness and Transparency

Representing the ideas or words of others as one's own; a form of research misconduct.

Plagiarism

A potentially unethical practice in which researchers recycle their own previously published text, verbatim and without attribution, in a subsequent article.

Self-Plagiarism

Each core ethical principal is associated with particular applications for conducting research, Which of the following is an application associated with the principle of respect for persons?

A. Obtaining informed consent

B. assessing the benefits and harm of the research to its participants

C. Assessing the benefits of the research to society

D. Evaluating fairness in how participants are recruited and selected

A. Obtaining informed consent

What does an IRB or REB do?

A. Reviews and approves research proposals at universities and colleges

B. Writes ethical policies for each institution

C. Approves research conducted in business settings

A. Reviews and approves research proposals at universities and colleges

In the United States, the __ ___ ____ outlines standards and guidelines for the treatment of animals.

Animal Welfare Act (AWA)

T/F: The AWA applies to all Species of animals in research laboratories and other contexts.

False. The AWA only applies to many not all species of animals.

North American research institutions ___ have a local board, called the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC, pronounced "EYE-a-kuk") in the United States and Animal Care Committee (ACC) in Canada.

Must

T/F: In the United States, the AWA does not cover mice, rats, and birds, but these commonly studied species are included in the oversight of IACUC boards.

True

Both the USA and Canada have polices in places called the three R's. What are they?

Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction

Researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when possible.

Replacement

Researchers must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress.

Refinement

Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects possible.

Reduction

Two contemporary ethicists recently proposed a framework centered on a pair of core values __ ___ and __ __ in an effort to build consensus between the animal research and animal protection communities.

Social benefit and animal welfare

Refers to the valuable outcomes of animal research to both humans and animals.

Social benefit

T/F: Animal research has helped us learn about basic processes of vison, the organization of the brain, the importance of social attachment, disease prevention, therapeutic drugs, and vaccines.

True.

The need to prevent sentient animals from suffering.

Animal welfare

Which of the following is an example of refinement in animal research?

A. Using anesthesia to minimize pain and ensuring that animals are housed in ways appropriate to their species.

B. Using computer models or cell cultures in place of animals whenever possible.

C. Using the fewest possible number of animals in any study.

A. Using anesthesia to minimize pain and ensuring that animals are housed in ways appropriate to their species.

Which of these sets of animal species are considered "sentient" according to the Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness?

A. Mammals only.

B. All Mammals except mice and rats.

C. All mammals, all birds, and octopuses

C. All mammals, all birds, and octopuses

T/F: Research with some degree of risk can be justified if the benefit is larger and more certain.

True.

Researchers ___ respect for animal and human participants, protections from harm, benefits to society, and awareness of Justice.

Balance

Why might it be unethical for researchers to pay research participants large sums of money?

A. Researchers receive federal funding, and paying participants wastes taxpayer dollars.

B. Large payments can be coercive and interfere with autonomy and consent.

C. Some people are more likely to be motivated by money to participate in research.

B. Large payments can be coercive and interfere with autonomy and consent.

Which of the explanations best explains why Milgram's obedience studies demonstrate the difficult balance of priorities researchers face when evaluating a study's ethics?

A. Milgram's studies balance the personal risk to participants with the benefit of knowledge gained about obedience for society.

B. Milgram's studies balance respecting participants with respecting society.

C. Milgram's studies balance deception with knowledge of the studies to participants.

A. Milgram's studies balance the personal risk to participants with the benefit of knowledge gained about obedience for society.

Thinking back to Harlow's studies on the development of monkeys from Chapter 1, what is the main reason that this research today is considered unethical?

A. Harlow's monkeys clearly suffered more harm than necessary.

B. Harlow used monkeys instead of human participants in his studies.

C. The knowledge gained from Harlow's monkey studies was small compared to the risk.

A. Harlow's monkeys clearly suffered more harm than necessary.

adhering to the morally guided standards that a profession has deemed necessary for members to avoid causing harm and to provide maximal benefit to society and the profession.

Ethical Behavior

Weigh potential costs and benefits and do no harm.

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Act professionally and project a positive image of psychology

Fidelity and Responsibility

Don't fabricate data or plagiarize.

Integrity

Everyone is treated equally (e.g., equal chance of being placed in treatment or placebo condition in an experiment)

Justice

Protect people's right to privacy and keep participation truly voluntary.

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

What historical developments led to our current ethical standards in psychology? (6 stated in lecture)

1. Nazi research during World War II

2. Syphilis research in Tuskegee, AL

3. Belmont Report (1979):i n response to the Tuskegee study

4. Milgram's Obedience Studies

5. Stanford Prison Experiment

6. APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.

What primary risks are involved in behavioral science research? (4)

1. Physical harm

2. Psychological harm

3. Loss of confidentiality and privacy

4. Psychological harm and social consequences could result.

requires that an individual has all necessary information for making decisions regarding participation in research, and that the individual has the ability and opportunity to apply that information to the decision-making process in the absence of coercion

Informed consent

What must be shared during informed consent? (4)

1. purpose of the study

2. what participation entails (procedures and tasks)

3. risks and benefits

4. the right to refuse to participate.

Who cannot provide informed consent? (3)

1. Minors (assent must be given along with approval consent of the guardian)

2. Psychiatric Patients

3. Individuals with cognitive impairment

Is deception allowed in research?

Yes, if there is little risk, and if the benefits outweigh the risk. there is almost always some degree of deception but kept at a minimum. participants must be informed of the deception as soon as possible (typically via post-participation debriefing).

What does debriefing entail, and why is it important? (4)

1. Complete purpose of the study is explained

2. Purpose and nature of deception (if any) explained 3. Sometimes results might be discussed

4. Debriefing attempts to restore participant's psychological and physical state

evaluates planned research for potential ethics violations and harmto participants.

IRB

Required by any institution (most frequently colleges and universities) thatreceives Federal funds.

IRB

T/F: Any research MUST be approved by the IRB before any data collection (and really any interaction with participants) can begin.

True

Three basic types of IRB approval:

1. Exempt (no risk research).• e.g., Survey research.

2. Expedited (minimal risk research).• e.g., Memory test in the laboratory

3. Full review (greater than minimal risk research).• e.g., Research requiring biological samples.• e.g., Research involving vulnerable populations (e.g., children).

What damage can fraud do to science? (2)

1. Fraud wastes resources.

2. Fraud can result in monetary/physical/psychological harm if the fraudulent research influences classification, selection criteria, diagnostic criteria, or treatment.

The Belmont Report: Principles and applications (3)

1. Principle of respect for person

-Informed consent

2. Principle of beneficence or concern for welfare -Assess potential harm to participants and potential benefits to society.

3. Principle of justice

-Who bears the burden of research participation?

Purpose of animal research

Test hypotheses unethical to study in humans

Ethical considerations of animal research practices (2)

1. Balance human benefits with animal welfare

2. Prevent unnecessary suffering

What are the two moral frameworks?

1. Social benefit

2. Animal Welfare

Treat people in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society

APA's Beneficence and non maleficence

Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior (in research, teaching, and clinical practice)

APA's Fidelity and responsibility

Strive to be accurate, trustful, and honest in one's role as researcher, teacher, or practitioner.

APA's Integrity

Strive to treat all groups of people fairly. Sample research participants from the same populations that will benefit from the research. Be aware of biases.

APA's Justice

Recognize that people are autonomous agents. Protect people's rights, including the right to privacy, the right to give consent for treatment or researcher, and the right to have participant treated confidentiality. Understand that some populations may be less able to give autonomous consent, and take precautions against coercing such people.

APA's Respect for People's rights and dignity

Excessive benefits, incentives, and forms of coercion can prevent truly ___ ___ to be given by anyone, regardless of cognitive status.

Informed Consent

When researchers test theories, they have to systematically measure phenomena by __ ___. These measurements must be good ones or else they are useless.

Collecting data.

____ in psychological research can be particularly challenging.

Measurement