Reaction Sequences

Level 2 chemistry

The three catalysts

Nickel platinum palladium

addition polymer to smaller polymer + ethene

cracking
heat / catalyst

alkene to addition polymer

polymerisation
heat / catalyst

alkene to diol

MnO4- / H+
oxidization

alkene to alkane

addition
catalyst / 150 degrees

alkene to dihaloalkane

addition rapid reaction
br / halogen / Cl2

alkene to haloalkane

addition (HX)

haloalkane to alkene

elimintion reaction
alcohol (conc KOH)

alkane to haloalkane

substitution
halogen light slow

haloalkane to alcohol

substitution
KOH (aq) or NaOH (aq)

alcohol to haloalkane

substitution
(PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2, PBr2)

alcohol to carboxylic acid

oxidation reaction
MnO4- / H+
Cr2O72- / H+ (reflux)

alkene to alcohol

addition reaction
H2O / H+ heat

alcohol to alkene

elemination reaction
conc H2SO4

haloalkane to amine

substitution
conc NH3 (aq)

MnO4- purple to

Mn2+ colourless

Cr2O72- orange to

Cr3+ green

acid + base to

salt and water

acid + metal

salt and hydrogen

acid + carbonate

salt and water and carbon dioxide

amine (base) turn litmus paper

blue

carboxylic acid (acid) turns litmus paper

red

Br2

orange brown → colourless

Cl2

yellow → colourless

halogen (X)

Cl, Br, F, I