Monarchy & Republic Certamen

Romulus

1st King of Rome

Mars and Rhea Silvia

Parents of Romulus

Faustulus (shepherd) and Acca Laurentia

People who raised Romulus and Remus

Alba Longa

City Romulus + Remus returned to to help grandpa

Numitor

Grandpa of Romulus

Amulius

Illegal king of Alba Longa

Palatine Hill

Where Romulus built his city.

Aventine Hill

Where Remus built his city.

Hersilia

Wife of Romulus

Titus Tatius

Sabine King + Romulus’ co-ruler

Quirinus

Romulus’ name after death

Numa Pompilius

2nd King of Rome. calendar, religion.

Egeria

Consort of Numa Pompilius. A nymph.

Tullus Hostilius

destroyed Alba Longa and its king. Duel of triplets happened under him. Built the Curia (senate house).

Horatii and Curatii

Roman and Alba Longan, respectively, sets of triplets that fought.

Ancus Marcius

4th King of Rome. Built bridge across the Tiber.

Pons Sublicius

first bridge across Tiber, built by Ancus Marcius.

Tarquinius Priscus

Etruscan king; Priscus means “the Elder.” Said

to have drained the Forum and begun work on Circus Maximus

Tanaquil

Wife of Tarquinius Priscus.

Servius Tullius

supposedly born a slave; built Servian wall; killed by his daughter Tullia and Superbus, her husband.

Tarquinius Superbus

“the Proud” (built Cloaca maxima – great sewer)

Tullia

Daughter of Servius Tullius that killed him.

Lucius Junius Brutus and Collatinus

First Consuls of Rome. Collatinus was husband of Lucretia who was raped by Tarquinius’ son, told them and killed herself. ran off Tarquinius Superbus.

Lars Porsenna

helped Superbus. fought Romans in early Republic. King of the Etruscans.

Clusium

capital of Lars porsenna

Horatius Cocles (one-eyed)

fought Etruscans at Sublician bridge (Pons Sublicius)

Gaius Mucius Scaevola

tried to kill Porsenna, captured, thrust right arm in fire to prove his bravery, released because of bravery, called Lefty.

Cloelia

among Roman girls held by Porsenna – swam the Tiber to get back to Rome

Coriolanus

defeats the Volscian city of Corioli, is exiled from Rome, then attacks Rome, but is only stopped by the pleas of his mother Veturia and wife Volumnia.

Cincinnatus

dictator for 16 days in 458 B.C. agaisnt the Aequi, at Mount Algidus

Battle of Mount Algidus

Cincinnatus defeats the Aequi, 458 BC

Appius Claudius

Leader of the decemviri, which codified laws called the 12 Tables which were formally enacted in 449 B.C.

12 Tables

Laws codified by the decemviri

Camillus

defeated the Veii, was later exiled, then finally, when he helped rid Rome of the Gauls, he was called pater patriae.

Battle of the Alia River

Gauls under Brennus defeat Romans and sack Rome.

Brennus

Leader of the Gauls when they sack Rome after Alia River. Said to have said “Vae Victis.”

Battle of the Caudine Forks

Roman defeat in 2nd Samnite War. Made to walk under the yoke.

Battle of Lautulae

Roman defeat in 2nd Samnite War. After Caudine Forks.

Appius Claudius Caecus (the blind)

censor, built the Appian Way and Aqua Appia

Decius Mus

in 295 BC at the Battle of Sentinum, in an act of devotion, charged between his cavalry and the Gauls to his death.

Pyrrhus

King of Epirus. first vs. Rome with elephants.

Heraclea

Pyrrhus’ first victory against the Romans

Asculum

Pyrrhus’ 2nd, famously pyrrhic, victory.

Beneventum

formerly malventum. Pyrrhus defeated.

Fabricius

unbribable Roman ambassador (Pyrrhus tried)

Messana

Original city the Punic Wars were fought over.

1st Punic War

264 BC to 241 BC – Rome builds navy, invents a corvus (gangplank with grappling hook on its end)

Mylae

1st major naval Battle of 1st Punic War, Roman victory.

battle of Aegates Islands

last battle of the First Punic War

Battle of Cape Ecnomus

Huge naval battle. Roman victory.

Battle of Agrigentum

Roman victory, first major battle of First Punic War

2nd Punic war

Began when Hannibal crossed the Ebro River in Spain

Ticinus River

first Roman Defeat in 2nd Punic War

Lake Trasimene

second Roman Defeat in 2nd Punic War

Cannae

third Roman Defeat in 2nd Punic War. Rome’s worst defeat.

Zama

Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal (whose dad Hamilcar Barca made him swear to hate Romans).

Battle of Pydna

Aemilius Paulus defeats Perseus of Macedon, 3rd Macedonian War

3rd Punic War

Scipio Africanus Aemilianus won war – Cato the elder said, “Carthago delenda est” – “Carthage must be destroyed,” after every speech.

King Attalus III

133 BC bequeathed Pergamum to Rome

Tiberius Gracchus

tribune 133 BC. agrarian (land) reform. Grandson of Scipio Africanus.

Gaius Gracchus

tribune in 121 BC, brother of Tiberius. Grandson of Scipio Africanus.

Cornelia

Mother of Gracchus brothers. calls her sons her gems (gemmae).

Gaius Marius

consul 7 times

Aquae Sextiae

Marius defeats the Teutones

Battle of Vercellae

Marius defeats the Cimbri

81 BC to 79 BC

Sulla dictator years.

Third Servile War

slave revolt led by Spartacus – defeated by Crassus (with a little help from Pompey)

Lex Gabinia

gave Pompey command over pirates in Mediterranean

Lex Manilia

gave Pompey command against Mithridates (king of Pontus)

Antonius Hybrida

Co-consul of Cicero

Cataline Conspiracy

in 63 BC, when Cicero Consul

Julius Caesar becomes Pontifex Maximus

Caesar in 63 BC?

Bibulus

Co-consul of Caesar

Lucca

City where triumvirs met to send Caesar back to Gaul, Pompey to Spain, and Crassus to Asia Minor (and decide on consuls for 55BC)

Battle of Alesia

Caesar defeats Vercingetorix

Publius Clodius Pulcher

mob inciter and populares.

Titus Annius Milo

also raised mobs. Optimate. His followers killed Clodius.

Crossing of the Rubicon River

Alea iacta est, 49 BC.

Battle of Pharsalus

Caesar beats Pompey (Pompey killed by Egyptians in Alexandria)

Battle of Zela

Caesar beats Pharnaces II of Pontus. Veni, vidi, vici.

Battle of Munda

Caesar defeats one of Pompey’s sons.

Battle of Drepanum

Caludius loses after throws “sacred chickens” overboard against Carthage in First Punic War.

44 BC

Caesar declared dictator for life – killed Ides of March (March 15th) by Brutus, Cassius and senators

Lex Titia

forms 2nd triumvirate (makes it legal) – Antony, Octavian, Lepidus

battle of Philippi

Octavian and Antony defeat Brutus and Cassius

battle of Actium

Octavian (Agrippa) vs. Antony and Cleopatra – Octavian wins. Octavian has only army in Mediterranean.