Behaviorism

classical conditioning

learning to associate two stimuli and anticipate events (involuntary)

Unconditioned Stimulus

what naturally causes a response (food causes salivating)

Neutral Stimulus

what does NOT initially cause a response

Before Conditioning

UCS → UCR, NS → none

During conditioning

NS +UCS → UCR

After Conditioning

CS → CR

higher-order conditioning

when a CS in one conditioning experience is paried with a new NS creating a second CS

3 basic emotions (to which any behavoir can be conditioned)

Love, rage, and fear

Generalization

once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit a similar response (when a similar sound causes the same response)

extinction

the pairing between the two stimuli has been broken

spontaneous recovery

reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished CS

Discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal and UCS

ex). a child cleans room when parent is present, but not when parent is absent

Operant

a response is increased/decreased due to reinforcement or punishment

Positive Reinforcement

adding/increasing a pleasant stimulus to a strengthen behavoir

Negative Reinforcment

reduce/remove unpleasant stimulius to strengthen behavoir

positive punishment

add unpleasant stimulius to weaken behavoir

negative punishment

recude/remove pleasant stimulus to weaken behavoir

Watson+ baby albert, and pavlov

classical

Skinner

operant

continuous reinforcement

response happens every time

partial reinforcement

response is only sometimes reinforced

the law of effect

behavoir is more likely to occur when it is rewarded

shaping

reinforcers guide actions toward a desirable behavoir

latent learning

occurs but is not as obvious until a incentive is able to demonstrate it in action

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together

behavoirism

psych should be an objective science that studies behavoir without reference to mental processes

mirror neurons

fires when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Conditioned stimullus

previously neutral stimulus that after association with US triggers response

Unconditioned response

natural reflex

conditioned response

response to CS after conditioning

basic rule of shaping

notice people doing something right and affirm them for it

associative learning examples

Operant and Classical

fixed schedule

predictable

variable schedule

unpredictable

Fixed Ratio

• Response after a specified number of responses.

Variable Ratio

• Reward after an unpredictable number of responses

• ex). slot machine's

• high rate of response

fixed interval

• reward after set number of time

• ex). monthly salary

variable interval

• reward after unpredictable amount of time has passed

• ex). waiting for elevator