Chem test 2

polymers

a series of chemical subunits (monomers) connected to each other

monomers

small molecules that make up the individual building blocks of polymers

thermoplastic

polymers that can be melted, reshaped, or heated and bent

thermosetting

shape is determined from the chemical process that formed the polymer - can’t be reshaped easily

Addition polymerization

simplest type of polymerization - bonding of monomer molecules by movement of electrons from a multiple bond into new single bonds between molecules

vulcanization

heats something with sulfur to create cross-links between polymer chains

copolymers

polymers made from two or more different monomers

Isotactic polymers

groups are located on the same side of the polymer backbone (high crystallization, melting point)

Syndiotactic polymers

the substituent groups alternate in a regular pattern from one side of the backbone to the other

atactic polymers

substituent groups are arranged randomly along the chain

condensation polymers

form when monomers with two different functional groups combine, resulting in the elimination of the small molecule (usually water)

Ceramics

polymeric inorganic compounds that share the properties of hardness, strength, and high melting points - used for pottery - usually formed by melting and then solidifying inorganic substances (clay)

sintering

heating materials together until they fuse - bonds the particles to each other and produces ceramics (heating powder of inorganic substance in water)

sol gel process

produces particles of nearly uniform size that are much more likely to produce a solid ceramic without gaps or cracks

first step of sol gel process

preparation of an alkoxide of the metal or metalloid that is going to be made into the ceramic

gel

suspension of the metal oxide-hydroxide polymer

composite materials

made from two or more substances with different properties that remain separate in the bulk material (each still contributes properties to the overall material)

liquid crystals

substances that exhibit properties of both liquids, such as the ability to flow and to take on shape - and those of crystals, such as regular arrangement of particles in a lattice

isotropic

properties are independent of the direction of testing (liquids)

anisotropic

properties displayed depend on the direction (orientation) of the measurement (liquid crystals)

Nematic phase (liquids)

least ordered liquid crystal phase

Cholesteric phase (liquids)

molecules are asymmetrical - molecules are layered but twisted

Smectic phase (liquids)

molecules have complete order and are organized

dental amalgam

solution of several metals in mercury - metals tend to expand with age, causing fissures and cracks in the tooth

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylene

used for total joint replacements

nanotechnology

development and study of such small-scale materials and objects

buckyball / buckminsterfullerene

a class of fullerene that is 99.999% carbon and is the purest substance known to man - drug delivery vessel - carbon atoms bonded together to form a hollow sphere - 20 hexagons - 12 pentagons

carbon nanotubes

single layer of graphite rolled into a hollow cylinder

valence band

lower energy levels where electrons stay - involved in bonding and are stuck to atoms

conduction band

higher energy band - electrons are free to move through the material

band energies

make it possible to classify a substance as an electrical conductor, semiconductor, or an electrical insulator based on the behavior of the electrons in the bands

Semiconductors

• made of 99.99999% silicon formed via the Krasinski process - doped with phosphorus and boron although other combinations are possible uses complex math, design nated as n-type and p-type wafers

• Silicon, Germanium, and Carbon (group 14)

• combinations of elements who’s valence electrons count totals 8

doping

addition of very small quantities of an element with one more or one fewer valence electron than the natural semiconductor

n-type semiconductor

doped semiconductor - semiconductivity has been enhanced by the addition of negative particles, the extra electrons

p-type semiconductor

doped semiconductor where holes that are positive charges because each is the absence of an electron - increased conductivity

Diodes

electronic devices that restrict the flow of electrons in a circuit to one direction - work essentially the opposite direction from solar cells

light-emitting diode (LED)

consists of n-type and p-type semiconductor layers placed in contact

superconductors

have no resistance to flow of electrons and thus could be very useful for the transmission of electricity over the long distances between power plants and cities and towns

superconducting transition temperature

temperature below where an element, compound, or material becomes superconducting - the higher the Tc the more useful the superconductor

meissner effect

complete expulsion of all magnetic fields from the interior of a material

Dr Mark Decoster

inventor of the MOB (metallic organic biohybrid) - dual Ph.D in biochem and biophysics - Rugg’s long term mentor

Dr. Mary Caldorera-Moore

expert in hydrogel technology - PhD in biomedical engineering

Dr Deepthi Sai Chappadi

growing expert in lanthanide / actinide chem - PhD in molecular science and nanotechnology

Dr Yuri Lvov

inventor of layer by layer self-assembly - leader in halloysite technology - PhD in physical chem

Dr Mills

leader in collagen production and regenerative medicine

Rugg

national science foundation scholar - performed non-peer reviewed work substantiating the claim CuHARs can selectively kill glioma - partial inventor of the Co-MOB

CuHARs

copper sulfate, NaOH, Cystiene not Cystine, water, STP

Halloysites

a clay mineral formation of silica and alumina that forms a long lumen (wood shaving)

hydrogels

substances that can hold multiple times their weights

target drug delivery

the concept of selectively treating the target site / regions of interest at a higher rate than passive circulation means

delayed dosage

releasing a medical treatment over an extended period of time as opposed to the treatment reacting all simultaneously

MOB

Metallic organic Biohybrid the larger class in which CuHARs belongs but may have alternate constituents

thermosetting plastic

plastic can’t be easily recast and part of the chemical process is in the taking of the shape

thermoplastic

plastics that can easily be reshaped and recast

Low density polyethylene (LDPE)

flexible - chains aren’t packed tightly

high density polyethylene (HDPE)

linear chains - strong IMF - packed tightly

addiative manufacturing

the process of adding material until the final design is achieved

dentistry

oldest form of biomedical engineering

LCD

liquid crystal display - anisotropic vs isotropic

amalgam

a mixture of mercury and other metals to form an extractable slurry, old dental technology, commonly used in human rights violations works such as tech smelting and illegal mining operations in poorer regions

miscell

a form of nanotechnology and self-assembling microstructures - EX: micellular water