Chapter 12: cultural learning - socialization, schooling, and play

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56 Terms

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Cultural considerations

the specific behaviors that people acquire, the precise content of their conditioning, varies considerably from group to group

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Adult conditioning

People learn new behaviors / new way to perform already conditioned behaviors

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The process of cultural conditioning

While conditioning occurs mostly in early childhood, adults continue to be conditioned as they acquire new behaviors throughout their life

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Childhood conditioning

Infants and young children learn such basic activities of life as eating, walking, talking, dressings, etc.

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5 steps of cultural conditioning

  1. Observation / instruction

  2. Imitation

  3. Reinforcement

  4. Internalization

  5. Spontaneous manifestation

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Observation / instruction

At this stage, you are only beginning to become aware of a particular behavior but have not yet tried to do it yourself. Taking the example of eating with your hands, you may have observed how it is done, or someone may have told you how it is done.

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Imitation

Now you actually try to carry out the activity; you sit down at a table and begin eating with your hands. At this stage, it is awkward for you, and you’re conscious all the while of what you’re doing, trying not to make mistakes. You may have difficulty concentrating on a conversation, for all your attention is on the act of eating.

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Reinforcement

As you eat, people encourage you when you do it right and correct you when you are wrong. Over the course of several meals, you naturally try to do what they tell you.

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Internalization

Without needing much reinforcement, over time and with practice, you now

know how to eat with your hands. You may still have to pay attention to what

you’re doing, but not as much as during stages 2 and 3.

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Spontaneous manifestation

Now you’re able to eat “the right way” without paying any conscious attention

to what you’re doing. It comes naturally; as you eat, you’re aware of other

things, not the act of eating

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Piece of the pyramid #1: attachment

  • a mutual effective, enduring relationship between 2 individuals

  • Influences on later relationships

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Bowlby and attachment theory

First one to talk about attachment

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Types of attatchment

  • secure

  • Insecure - avoidant

  • Insecure - resistant

  • Disorganized

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Challenges to bowlby and ainsworth

Ainsworth was aware that culture shaped the attatchment relationship

Core of SS

Caregiver child relationships - obligations

Does time away from caregiver influences interactions?

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Core of SS

Exploration, independence, and caregiver separation

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Responsiveness

Often promote self expression

U.S. vs. Others

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Coding

What are local, cultural practices / values?

Modifications to what behavior are recorded & coded

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Expression of exploration

  • exploration may be expressed different

  • May use the other ways to learn about their world / understand the role of a secure base

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Use of indigenous researchers

Using people who are from those communities to be apart of the process

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Piece of the Pyramid #2: Parenting

  • cultural values reinforce and shape parental beliefs and practices → what cultural values, skills, behaviors, do parents think child should have

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Parental ethnotheory hierarchy model

  • shapes child’s developmental outcome

  • Settings child in, types of play

  • A parents general beliefs

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To study parenting styles, baumrind used:

Interviews and observations of middle income, American parents and their children

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Two dimensions as baumrind anchor points

  1. Parent warmth / affection (responsiveness)

  2. Parent strict / control (demand)

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Authoritarian parenting

  • strict

  • Use physical punishment

  • Rarely praise child

  • Value obedience

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Permissive parenting

  • accepting / loving

  • Non-demanding

  • Rarely punish

  • Value self-regulation

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Authoritative parenting

  • accepting and responsive

  • Use reasoning techniques

  • Openly negotiate and compromise

  • Value individually for the child

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Uninvolved / neglectful parenting

  • self absorbed

  • Don’t give child affection

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Traditional parents

  • combine stern with love

  • Use discipline

  • Religion as a core family value

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Chinese parenting style

  • optimal parenting

  • Emphasize parental involvement

  • Parental control in supportive way

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Korean parenting

  • fairness and parental control

  • Coexists with love and affection

  • Physical and reasoning techniques for discipline

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Arab/mixed parenting

Use mixed parents styles

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Piece of the pyramid #3: formal learning

Schools and socializing agents → learning in formal settings

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Learning in formal settings

  • structured curriculum and class schedules

  • Complete assignments that emphasize independent thinking

  • Attended schools with mixed age classrooms

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Classic Vygotsky

Role of culture, how it shapes what we learn

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Teaching in eastern (china and Taiwan)

  • most instruction is teacher led

  • Students are quiet, complete work, passive

  • Respect elders

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Western teaching (u.s)

  • student is active learner

  • Student centered, group work

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East learning style

  • role memorization / drills

  • Recall facts

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West learning styles

  • conceptual learning

  • Critical thinking

  • Problem solving skills

  • Encourage to ask questions

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Teacher student relationship east

  • teacher is authority figure

  • Obedience / respect

  • Teacher send knowledge to students

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Teacher student relationships west

  • active dialogue between student and teacher

  • Interactive and approachable

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Parental beliefs → academic outcomes : east

  • Childs effort and hard work = academic outcomes

  • Success = do hard tasks

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Parental beliefs → academic outcomes : West

  • success = intellectual ability

  • Intelligence = innate talent

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Cross-cultural apprenticeships

  • vygotsky believed apprenticeship in learning

  • Adults job to show kid how to do something

  • Learning skills to help them become successful adults

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apprenticeships Germany

Common for vocational and education training

See what they wanna do as adult

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apprenticeships Italy

Cheese and winemaking

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apprenticeships Kpelle in Liberia

Learn to weave cloth

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apprenticeships Peru

Pottery

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

Predicts that peoples expectations about an individuals behavior will lead that individual to behave in ways that meet those expectations

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Self - esteem

The evaluative component of our self-concept that relates to our own self-worth

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Self-efficacy

Confidence we have in our own abilities to perform tasks

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Piece of the pyramid #4: informal learning

Play as a content for socialization → learning in informal settings

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Play

  • universal

  • Encouragement of play, adult attitudes

  • To learn and practice skills that’ll help them become productive adults

  • “Play as progress”

  • Learn skills, abilities

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Funds of knowledge

Play as a means to understand cultural routines, practices, social norms, expectations

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Yup’ik Girls storyknifing play

  • indigenous arctic ppl

  • Girls find place to draw symbols in earth to help with story telling

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Yucatec Maya play

  • pretend play scripts imitate adults activities and children’s real life experience

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Turkana play (Africa)

  • nomadic ppl who survive through herding camels and gathering activities

  • Recreate adult activities

  • Enact behavioral scripts