1- Behavioral Theories and Sigmund Freud

Source: https://app.lecturio.com/#/lecture/c/7526/9048/33008

Correct Answer: C. Psychoanalytic theory

Explanation:
Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis, which focuses on unconscious processes, internal conflict, and defense mechanisms. Behavior theory, by contrast, emphasizes observable behavior and is associated with theorists like Watson and Skinner.

Which theoretical approach is Sigmund Freud primarily associated with?

A. Behavior theory
B. Cognitive theory
C. Psychoanalytic theory
D. Humanistic theory

Correct Answer: B. Ego

Explanation:
Defense mechanisms are ego functions used to manage anxiety by mediating between the id, superego, and external reality.

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are primarily used by which part of the personality?

A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Conscious mind

Correct Answer: D. Preconscious

Explanation:
The preconscious contains memories and thoughts just below awareness that can be recalled intentionally.

In Freud’s topographic model of the mind, which level contains thoughts that are not currently in awareness but can be brought into consciousness with effort?

A. Unconscious
B. Conscious
C. Ego
D. Preconscious

Correct Answer: B. Primary process thinking

Explanation:
Primary process thinking belongs to the unconscious, is primitive, and is prominent in early childhood and psychotic disorders.

Which type of thinking is characterized by pleasure-seeking, lack of logic, and disregard for time?

A. Secondary process thinking
B. Primary process thinking
C. Rational thinking
D. Abstract thinking

Correct Answer: C. Superego

Explanation:
The superego functions as the moral conscience. It includes conscious, preconscious, and unconscious elements and should not be confused with the preconscious itself.

Which component of Freud’s structural model is responsible for moral judgment and internalized societal rules?

A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Preconscious

Correct Answer: C. It mediates between internal drives and external reality

Explanation:
The ego mediates between the id, superego, and reality and operates at conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels.

Which statement best describes the ego according to Freud?

A. It is entirely conscious
B. It operates only in the unconscious
C. It mediates between internal drives and external reality
D. It represents instinctual pleasure-seeking

Correct Answer: C. Psychotic individuals

Explanation:
Impaired reality testing is a hallmark of psychotic disorders, where individuals may struggle to distinguish internal thoughts from external reality.

Problems with reality testing are most commonly associated with which population?

A. Individuals with anxiety disorders
B. Individuals with mood disorders
C. Psychotic individuals
D. Children

Correct Answer: C. Object relations theory

Explanation:
Melanie Klein was a key figure in object relations theory, emphasizing early relationships and internalized representations of caregivers.

Melanie Klein is most closely associated with which psychoanalytic theory?

A. Self-psychology
B. Behaviorism
C. Object relations theory
D. Cognitive theory

Correct Answer: D. The mother or primary caregiver

Explanation:
Klein proposed that the infant’s first object is usually an internalized image of the mother or primary caregiver.

According to Melanie Klein, what is typically the first “object” internalized by an infant?

A. The father
B. The self
C. A peer
D. The mother or primary caregiver

Correct Answer: C. The totality of the conscious and unconscious mind

Explanation:
The psyche includes both conscious and unconscious mental processes.

In psychoanalytic theory, the term “psyche” refers to:

A. Only conscious thoughts
B. Observable behavior
C. The totality of the conscious and unconscious mind
D. Moral reasoning

Correct Answer: C. Self-psychology

Explanation:
Kohut developed self-psychology, emphasizing the development of the self through relationships that meet selfobject needs.

Heinz Kohut is best known for developing which psychoanalytic approach?

A. Object relations theory
B. Ego psychology
C. Self-psychology
D. Behavior theory

Correct Answer: C. Fulfillment of self-object needs within relationships

Explanation:
Kohut believed the self develops when needs for validation, cohesion, and self-worth are met through relationships.

According to Kohut, healthy psychological development depends primarily on:

A. Suppression of instincts
B. Reinforcement and punishment
C. Fulfillment of self-object needs within relationships
D. Moral development

Correct Answer: C. Separation–individuation theory

Explanation:
Mahler developed the separation–individuation theory, focusing on how children form a separate sense of self from caregivers.

Margaret Mahler is best known for which theory of child development?

A. Psychosexual development
B. Attachment theory
C. Separation–individuation theory
D. Social learning theory

Correct Answer: C. Unconscious processes used to reduce anxiety

Explanation:
Defense mechanisms are unconscious ego processes that protect the individual from anxiety and internal conflict.

Defense mechanisms are best described as:

A. Conscious coping strategies
B. Learned behaviors
C. Unconscious processes used to reduce anxiety
D. Signs of psychopathology

Correct Answer: C. Mature, neurotic, and immature

Explanation:
Defense mechanisms are commonly categorized into mature, neurotic, and immature, reflecting their level of psychological adaptation.

Which classification system is commonly used for defense mechanisms?

A. Adaptive and maladaptive
B. Cognitive and behavioral
C. Mature, neurotic, and immature
D. Primary and secondary

Correct Answer: C. Topographic and structural

Explanation:
Freud proposed the topographic model (conscious, preconscious, unconscious) and the structural model (id, ego, superego).

Which pair correctly represents Freud’s two major theories of the mind?

A. Cognitive and behavioral
B. Structural and behavioral
C. Topographic and structural
D. Humanistic and psychoanalytic

Correct Answer: C. Sexual and aggressive urges

Explanation:
Freud believed the unconscious contains repressed sexual and aggressive drives that are outside conscious awareness.

According to Freud, which types of impulses are most commonly found in the unconscious?

A. Rational and logical thoughts
B. Learned behaviors
C. Sexual and aggressive urges
D. Moral values

Correct Answer: C. Keep internal conflicts out of conscious awareness

Explanation:
Defense mechanisms protect the individual by keeping anxiety-provoking conflicts out of awareness, rather than eliminating them.

The primary function of defense mechanisms is to:

A. Eliminate unconscious conflict
B. Improve moral reasoning
C. Keep internal conflicts out of conscious awareness
D. Reinforce desired behaviors

Correct Answer: C. They are unconscious and can be adaptive when used moderately

Explanation:
Defense mechanisms are normal, unconscious processes and are considered healthy when used flexibly and in moderation.

Which statement best reflects the psychoanalytic view of defense mechanisms?

A. They are always pathological
B. They are learned behaviors
C. They are unconscious and can be adaptive when used moderately
D. They occur only in childhood

Correct Answer: B. Secondary process thinking

Explanation:
Secondary process thinking, associated with the ego, is rational, logical, and reality-based, in contrast to primary process thinking.

Which type of thinking is logical, reality-oriented, and characteristic of healthy adult functioning?

A. Primary process thinking
B. Secondary process thinking
C. Magical thinking
D. Primitive thinking

Correct Answer: C. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior rather than internal mental processes

Explanation:
Behaviorism emphasizes observable behavior and environmental learning, whereas psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious mental processes.

Which statement best distinguishes behaviorism from psychoanalytic theory?

A. Behaviorism emphasizes unconscious conflict
B. Psychoanalysis focuses on observable behavior
C. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior rather than internal mental processes
D. Psychoanalysis rejects internal mental states