LEC 7.1: Health & Wellness

Health

Traditionally defined as presence or absence of disease

Clients have different meanings of this

Nightingale

Who defined health as the state of well-being and using every power the individual possesses to fullest extent?

WHO

Who defined health with a more holistic view, state of complete physical, mental, social, well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?

Individual lives are affected by everything, including climate, food, shelter, family and friends.

Talcott Parsons

Who conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles?

US President Commission on Health Needs of the Nation

Who stated that health isn’t a condition, it is an adjustment and it is not a state but a process?

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Who stated that health and illness are human experiences and presence of illness doesn’t preclude health nor does does optimal health preclude illness?

Wellness

State of well-being that includes daily decision making, stress management, exercise, and the whole being of an individual

Anspaugh

Who proposed the 7 Components of Wellness?

1. Environmental

2. Occupational

3. Intellectual

4. Physical

5. Social

6. Emotional

7. Spiritual

What are the 7 Components of Wellness (Anspaugh)?

Environmental

One of the 7 Components of Wellness

Creating healthy and sustainable ___

Occupational

One of the 7 Components of Wellness

Finding satisfaction with job, work-life balance

Intellectual

One of the 7 Components of Wellness

Engaging in life-long learning and critical thinking

Physical

One of the 7 Components of Wellness

Maintaining a healthy body

Social

One of the 7 Components of Wellness

Building and maintaining positive relationships

Emotional

One of the 7 Components of Wellness

Coping mechanisms

Spiritual

One of the 7 Components of Wellness

Finding the meaning of life; mindfulness

1. Clinical Model

2. Role Performance Model

3. Adaptive Model

4. Eudaimonistic

5. Agent-Host Environmental/Ecological Model

6. Health Illness Scale

7. Dunns High Level Wellness Grid

8. Illness Wellness Continuum

What are the 8 Models of Health & Wellness?

Clinical Model

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

People are viewed as physiological systems with relationship functions, and health is identified by absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury

Role Performance Model

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

Health defined in terms of the individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles that are to be performed in their work

People that can fulfill their roles are healthy even if they have clinical illness

Example: Even if a man has migraine and still goes to work, he is considered healthy under this model.

Adaptive Model

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

Health is a creative process

Disease is the failure in adaptation — maladaptation

Extreme good health is flexible adaptation to the environment and interaction with environment to maximum advantage

Eudaimonistic

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

Incorporates comprehensive view of health

Health is conditioned actualization of realization of an individual’s potential

Related to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Agent-Host Environment/Ecologic Model

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

Only in community health

Used in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness

Composed of 3 Interactive Elements: Agent, Host, Environment

1. Agent

2. Host

3. Environment

What are the 3 interactive elements of the Agent Host Environment/Ecologic Model?

Agent

One of the 3 interactive elements of the Agent Host Environment/Ecologic Model

Any environmental factor or stressor (biological, chemical, mechanical, physical, and psychosocial) presence that can lead to illness/disease

Host

One of the 3 interactive elements of the Agent Host Environment/Ecologic Model

Person who may/may not be at risk of acquiring a disease

Reaction influenced by family history, environment

Environment

One of the 3 interactive elements of the Agent Host Environment/Ecologic Model

All factors external to host that may/may not predispose the person to the development of disease

Health Illness Scales

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

Used to measure persons perceived level of wellness

Health and disease can be viewed as opposite ends of a health continuum

Dunn’s High Level Wellness Grid

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

Health axis and an environmental axis intersect

Grid demonstrates the interaction of the environment with the illness-wellness continuum

Illness Wellness Continuum

One of the 8 Models of Health & Wellness

Movement to the (right) side of the central point indicates increased levels of health

Achieved via health knowledge, disease prevention, health promotion, and positive attitude

1. Internal Variables

2. External Variables

3. Family or Cultural Beliefs

4. Social Support Networks

What are the 4 Variables Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors?

Internal Variables

One of the 4 Variables Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors

Biological, psychological, cognitive dimensions

Cannot be changed but can be influenced for health promotion and illness prevention

1. Biological

2. Psychological

3. Cognitive

What are the 3 components of Internal Variables (a Variable Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors)?

Biological

One of the 3 components of Internal Variables (a Variable Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors)

Genetic makeup, sex, age, developmental level

Example: Research has shown that those with African heritage are more prone to sickle cell disease and stomach ulcers.

Psychological

One of the 3 components of Internal Variables (a Variable Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors)

Mind-body interactions, self concept

Cognitive

One of the 3 components of Internal Variables (a Variable Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors)

Lifestyle choices, spiritual, religious beliefs

External Variables

One of the 4 Variables Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors

Includes Environment and Standards of Living

1. Environment

2. Standards of Living

What are the 2 Components of External Variables (a Variable Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors)?

Environment

One of the 2 components of External Variables (a Variable Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors)

People becoming increasingly aware how environment…

Geographical location and environment affects health

Example: Due to weather, cough is prevalent in the Philippines.

Standards of Living

One of the 2 components of External Variables (a Variable Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors)

Occupation, income, and education related to health, morbidity, mortality

Example: A wage earner prefers to spend salary on things for their family rather than on regular health check-ups.

Family & Cultural Beliefs

One of the 4 Variables Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors

Passes customs to offspring

Example: A man who was abused as a child is more likely to abuse his own children due to his experience of trauma.

Social Support Networks

One of the 4 Variables Informing Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors

Family, friends, lovers, job satisfaction

Individuals with inadequate support networks may become increasingly ill before getting checked

1. Health Locus of Control

2. Rosenstock & Becker’s Health Belief Model

What are the 2 Health Belief Models?

Health Locus of Control

One of the 2 Health Belief Models

Determines whether a client’s belief in health status is under their own or others’ control (Internal or external)

Internal Locus of Control

Component of Health Locus of Control (one of the Health Belief Models)

Self determined; more likely to make initiative for own life

External Locus of Control

Component of Health Locus of Control (one of the Health Belief Models)

Controlled by outside factors

May doubt changing behavior will do any good

Rosenstock & Becker’s Health Belief Model

One of the 2 Health Belief Models

Health-related action depends on the simultaneous occurrence of the following 3 factors:

1. Sufficient motivation to make health issues be viewed as important

2. Belief one is vulnerable to a serious health problem and its consequences

3. Relief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial

Health Adherence/Conformance

Individuals behavior coincides with medical or health behavior

Following the total therapeutic plan

Nurses must ensure client performs activities, understand instructions, and values planned outcomes