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define cause group
a pressure group based on shared values, ideas and principle
define civil obedience
law breaking justified on the grounds of being done to create a more just society
define civil liberties
rights and freedoms that protect the individual from the state
define clicktivism
the signing of online petitions and other online methods to promote a cause
define consent
agreeing to be ruled or governed
define collective rights
rights held by a group rather than individually by its members
define democratic deficit
a flaw in the democratic process where, not having been appointed with sufficient democratic input or subject to accountability
define direct action
political action focused on forcing change via protest and action
define direct democracy
all individuals express their opinions themselves and not through representatives acting on their behalf. emerged in Athens in classical times and it can be seen today in referendums.
define ECHR
protects the rights of people whose countries belong to the council of Europe
define elitism
the theory that political power is concentrated in the hands of a few, powerful people
define the equal franchise act
1928 act that gave all men and women over 21 the right to vote
define franchise/suffrage
they both refer to the ability/right to vote in public elections. suffragettes were women campaigning for the right to vote on the same terms as men.
define formal political participation
participation in formal political and electoral processes and structures includes: voting being a member of a political party
what is the good Friday agreement?
the agreement in 1998 that brought the end to 30 years of conflict in Northern Ireland
what is the great reform act?
1832 act that extended the franchise to middle class house owners (6% of the population)and ensured that there were properly organised constituencies and secret ballots
define group politics
the pursuit of challenging the public by pressure groups, think tanks or business corporations
what is the human rights act?
1998 act that fully incorporated ECHR into UK law
define insider group
a pressure group that enjoys regular consultation with the government
define individual rights
rights needed by each individual to pursue their lives and goals without interference from other individuals or denied by the government or other individuals
define interest group
a pressure group that exists to advance or protect the interest of its members
define informal political participation
public engagement that occurs as part of routine human interaction, outside of political institutions, and may involve dialogue, collective decision-making and deliberation
define legitimacy
the rightful use of power in accordance with pre-set criteria or widely-held agreements, such as a governments right to rule following an election or a monarchs succession based on the agreed rules
define lobbyists
paid by clients to try to influence the government and/or MPs and members of the house of Lords to act in their clients interests, particularly when legislation is under consideration
define outsider group
a pressure group that is not consulted by government and does not work closely with government
what is a participation crisis?
a lack of engagement by a significant number of citizens to relate to the political process either by choosing not to vote or to join or become members of political parties or to offer themselves for public office
define peak group
when groups with common interests pool their resources to achieve their aims
what are petitions?
a document with a specific request that people sign to show their support. this is then handed to the authority
define pluralism
where political power is distributed evenly in society
define a pluralist society
a type of democracy in which government makes decisions as a result of the interplay of various ideas and contrasting arguments from competing groups and organisations
define political participation
involvement of citizens in politics - through voting, membership of political parties or in pressure groups. (or social media campaigns).
define a pressure group
groups that look to achieve change by influencing from outside government with an narrow or targeted focus
what is the representation of the people act 1918?
gave the right to vote to some women and all men aged over 21
what is the representation of the people act 1969?
lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
what is representative democracy?
a more modern form of democracy through which an individual selects a person (and/or political party) to act on their behalf to exercise political choice
what is a revolving door?
the movement of high level officials from the public sector to private sector jobs
define the second and third reform acts
1867 and 1884 acts that gave the right to vote to all male settled tenants and homeowners
define think tanks
a body of experts brought together to collectively focus on a certain topic(s) - to investigate and offer solutions to economic, social or political issues
define trade unions
groups of employees who join together to maintain and improve working conditions and speak on behalf of a workforce/sector
define TUC
body that speaks for all/most trade unions
define democracy
All the citizens are equally entitled to participate in society’s decisions about it’s policies.
define universal suffrage
the right for all adults to vote
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