Health Psychology Exam 1 McMillen

epidemiology

the branch of medicine that investigates factors that contribute to health or disease in a particular population

morbidity

the rate of disease in a population (disease)

mortality

total number of deaths out of the total population (death)

Health promotion, preventing and treating disease, etiology, improving healthcare system

4 focus areas of health psychology

Three leading disease-causes of death in 1900 and the present

1900- Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Diarrhea and enteritis/ Present- Heart disease, Cancer, Chronic lower respiratory disease

The leading actual causes of death

Chronic Disease (cardiovascular disease)

the role of biology factors in health

genetics, physiology, gender, age, nutrition, medications, vulnerability to stress and the immune system are all factors in health

the role of behavioral factors in health

personality, self-efficacy, optimism, stress, coping skills, diet, risky behaviors, adherence to medical advice, and living with chronic illness are all factors for health

the role of social factors in health

ethnic background, cultural beliefs, racism, and poverty all play an important factor in health

Onset and time frame, cost, underlying causes

three major dimensions when comparing infectious and chronic diseases

contrast infectious disease to chronic disease along the three dimensions provided in class

read writing assignment 1

relative risk and how it relate to population impact of the risk behavior

-refers to the ratio of the incidence (or prevalence) of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence (or prevalence) of that disease in the unexposed group

-when smokers hear their risks in terms of dying of lung cancer in a year, they are not going to take it very seriously since their chances are low

absolute risk and how does it relate to population impact of the risk behavior

-persons chances of developing a disease or disorder independent of any risk that other people may have for that disease or disorder.

-when smoker's hear their risks in terms of dying of lung cancer in their lifetime, they tend to take it more seriously

Genetics, environment, lifestyle

what are the three factors that affect health

-genetics: not modifiable

-environment: easy for group change

-lifestyle: directly modifiable

what is the modifability of the three factors that affect health

what are the reasons that were discussed in class concerning why life expectancy began to increase during the 20th century

-development/recognition of germ theory (drinking water and sewage water plants made to create clean drinking water)

-invented/developed vaccines

-invented/developed antibiotics and other drugs

Discuss how a series of correlational studies can provide evidence that a behavior can lead to disease

if there have been multiple correlational studies conducted, and if they all show the same results consistently, then over time they can provide evidence that a behavior can lead to a disease

biopsychosocial model of health

focuses on social environment, biology and psychology of an individual

-model is more broad for helping treat diseases such as heart disease

hygiene & sanitation in health

controlled infectious diseases by creating good hygenic practices

vaccination and antibiotics in health

vaccination: to prevent infection

antibiotics: treat those who were infected

4.5 trillion

what is the Total U.S. health care spending in 2018

definitions of health

"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"

Risk factors

any characteristic or condition that occurs with greater frequency in people with a disease than in people free from that disease

-ex: smoking (increase chance of lung cancer), obesity (increase chance for heart disease)

protective factors

help protect you/decrease the likelihood of you coming down with a disease or illness.

-ex: exercise (less likely to get heart disease), wearing sunscreen (less likely to be sunburned and get skin cancer), healthy eating (less likely to be obese)

experimental

correlational/observational

natural

what are the three broad categories of research methods?

Experimental research method

-strengths: random assignment (avoids bias and other factors across each group), experimental control (d.v and i.v), can rule out alternative explanations

-limitations: expectancy effect, many things we want to look at in health psych don't lend themselves to experiments

correlational research method

-strengths: retrospective studies (cheap and quick to do), longitudinal (can start to see relationships and determine which came first)

-limitations: difficult to establish a causal relationship (one study by itself is rarely conclusive), retrospective (problems with recall), longitudinal (takes a very long time to administer and expensive), misleading if taken out of context

natural research method

-strengths: compare groups of people based on different factors

-limitations: don't randomly assign people to conditions and don't have experimental control

seven criteria for determining causation between a risk factor and a disease

-a dose-response relationship exists between the condition and the disease

-removal of a condition reduces the prevalence or incidence of the disease

-condition precedes the disease

-a cause-and-effect relationship between the condition and the disease is physiologically plausible

-relevant research data consistently reveal a relationship between the condition and the disease

-the strength of the relationship between the condition and disease is relatively high

-studies revealing a relationship between the condition and the disease are well designed.

education strategy

goal: try to persuade people to change their attitudes and behaviors about different health risk factors

strengths: low cost, reach a large population, doesn't restrict commercial or individual freedom

limitations: doesn't constrain any behavior, doesn't prevent any real, new information very often, just because attitude is changed doesn't mean behavior will follow

taxation strategy

-goal: involves fiscal incentives and disincentives to try and change attitudes or behavior

-strengths: as cost goes up, demand goes down, and taxes are very common

-limitations: there are a lot of behaviors that don't lend themselves to fiscal (dis)incentives

regulation/policy strategy

-goal: implements rules and regulations to encourage people to alter his or her attitudes and behaviors

-strengths: can constrain certain behavior/freedoms, can be very effective in changing behavior, doesn't typically constrain behavior but it requires devulsion of certain information

-limitations: it can go too far and be rejected

design effective educational campaigns

you select a topic or goal, select a target audience and find multiple resources to present to the audience. complete research is important.

about 42%

what are the percent of cancers that are preventable?

Cigs

what is the modifiable risk factor that accounts for the most preventable cancer

Genetics

what is a non-modifiable individual risk factor?

what is an example?

-ex: patient can have the breast cancer gene.

modifiable individual risk factor

-a risk factor, typically regarding lifestyle, that can be changed.

-ex: smoking is a modifiable risk factor

modifiable environmental risk factor

a risk factor in the environment that can be changed, although it is difficult to change.

-ex: policy change about water quality

Heart disease and cancer

What two behaviors currently account for the most deaths?

what are the criteria that was discussed in class for assessing the appropriateness of an intervention to change behaviors?

know how to apply it to examples

does behavior we are interested in physically harm other people?

does the behavior cost other people money?

is it cost effective?

examples of health interventions to prevent tobacco use

raise the tobacco age to 21, fund prevention programs, increase tobacco taxes, pass smoke-free laws, run hard-hitting media campaigns

negaitve

the relationship between state cigarette taxes and consumption of cigarettes. As taxes increase, consumption decreases.

trends in adult and youth cigarette smoking in the US and MS

-adult smoking trends: have been decreasing steadily over the years (especially if have higher education and higher SES)

-youth smoking trends: have been declining steadily

trends in per capita consumption consumption of cigarettes in the US over the past 120 years

the trend increased from the 1900s up until 1964 when the surgeon general announced that smoking has many harmful effects. since then per capita consumption has been decreasing due to cigarette regulations, increased cigarette taxes and educational campaigns that shed light on the harmful effects of smoking

direct health care costs due to cigarette smoking

Total Annual Public And Private Health Care Expenditures Caused By Smoking: Approximately $170 Billion

amount of chemicals and carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke

more than 7,000 compounds and 70 known carcinogenic compounds

which americans are most at risk for cigarette smoking

america's youth and young adults

educational, taxation and policy strategies for reducing tobacco use

-goals: prevention, prevent initiated use, prevent addiction, cessation

-educational: campaign for tobacco free kids, the TRUTH videos

-taxation: raising the cigarette tax to discourage smoking

-policy: implementing no smoking laws, smoking bans in housing complexes, and raising the legal age to buy tobacco products (from 18-21)