Reconstruction Era: Policies, Challenges, and Changes

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89 Terms

1

Reconstruction

Process of rebuilding Southern state governments post-Civil War.

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2

Southern Economy Post-War

Severely damaged; plantation economy in shambles.

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3

Lincoln's Plan

Lenient approach requiring 10% loyalty re-pledge.

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4

Wade-Davis Bill

Proposed 50% loyalty re-pledge; harsher than Lincoln's plan.

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5

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln's VP; complex leader with poor Southern background.

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6

Johnson's Reconstruction Policy

10% plan with added restrictions on Confederate leaders.

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7

Black Codes

Laws restricting rights of former slaves in the South.

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8

Veto Power Usage

Johnson vetoed legislation against Black Codes frequently.

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9

Radical Republicans

Group advocating for increased rights for Black Americans.

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10

Johnson's Pardons

Granted to former Confederate leaders to gain support.

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11

Reconstruction Goals

Reintegrate Southern states while addressing social issues.

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12

Federal Support

Essential for Southern recovery after the Civil War.

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13

Political Rights Loss

Former Confederate leaders lost political rights under Johnson.

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14

Civil War Aftermath

New social problems emerged in the South post-war.

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15

Sherman's Impact

Crippled Georgia, contributing to Southern economic collapse.

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16

Richmond's Destruction

City burned down, symbolizing Southern devastation.

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17

Moderate Republicans

Alienated by Johnson's policies, leading to Radical rise.

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18

Voting Rights Advocacy

Radical Republicans pushed for Black voting rights.

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19

Legislative Pushback

Republican Congress aimed to counteract Black Codes.

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20

Southern State Constitutions

Required to exclude slavery for re-acceptance into Union.

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21

Political Tension

Wade-Davis Bill aimed to prolong North-South conflict.

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22

14th Amendment

Established citizenship and rights for all Americans.

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23

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Divided South into military districts for control.

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24

Impeachment of Johnson

Congress attempted to remove Johnson over dismissals.

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25

Sharecropping

System resembling slavery, limiting Black Americans' freedom.

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26

Freedmen's Bureau

Welfare agency aiding freed Black Americans post-Civil War.

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27

Black Communities

Formed around churches and Black-led organizations.

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28

Scalawags

Southern Republicans supporting Northern political power.

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29

Carpetbaggers

Northerners moving South for political and economic opportunities.

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30

White Supremacy

Prevalent ideology causing discrimination against Black Americans.

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31

Military Districts

Regions controlled by Union army during Reconstruction.

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32

Radical Republicans

Political group pushing for strong Reconstruction measures.

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33

Civil Rights

Legal protections for all citizens, especially Black Americans.

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34

Southern States

Faced restrictions on denying rights to Black citizens.

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35

Job Discrimination

Black Americans faced barriers in Northern job markets.

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36

Education Access

Freedmen's Bureau helped increase educational opportunities.

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37

Migrant Movements

Black Americans relocating to frontier states for better opportunities.

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38

Black Ministers

Leaders in Black communities, fostering social cohesion.

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39

Political Power

Republicans sought to maintain control over Southern states.

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40

Poverty

Result of job discrimination faced by Black Americans.

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41

Social Problems

Issues arising from economic hardships in Black communities.

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42

Union Army

Enforced Reconstruction policies in Southern military districts.

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43

Southern Sympathizers

Individuals opposing Radical Reconstruction, favoring traditional values.

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44

Carpetbaggers

Northerners exploiting South's economy post-Civil War.

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45

Universal Male Suffrage

Political reform granting voting rights to all men.

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46

Property Rights for Women

Legal rights allowing women to own property.

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47

Welfare Systems

Programs established to support disadvantaged individuals.

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48

Infrastructure Development

Improvements in transportation and public facilities.

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49

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Hate group formed by Southern Civil War veterans.

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50

Waving the Bloody Shirt

Republican tactic reminding voters of Civil War.

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51

15th Amendment

Constitutional guarantee of voting rights for all citizens.

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52

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Attempted to ensure equal rights in public spaces.

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53

Election of 1876

Contested election leading to compromise and end of Reconstruction.

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54

Compromise of 1877

Agreement ending Reconstruction in exchange for presidency.

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55

Grandfather Clause

Voting eligibility based on grandfather's voting status.

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56

Poll Tax

Fee required to vote, disproportionately affecting poor.

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57

Literacy Test

Assessment to qualify for voting, often unfairly applied.

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58

Laissez-faire Economics

Economic system with minimal government intervention.

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59

Social Darwinism

Application of survival of the fittest to society.

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60

Industrialization

Growth of factories and mass production systems.

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61

Raw Materials

Natural resources used for manufacturing goods.

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62

Expendable Workforce

Labor force that can be easily replaced.

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63

Capital Investment

Funds provided for business development and growth.

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64

Corporation-Friendly Government

Policies favoring business interests over regulation.

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65

Andrew Johnson

17th U.S. President, faced impeachment post-Civil War.

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66

Ulysses S. Grant

18th U.S. President and Civil War general.

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67

Robber Barons

Wealthy industrialists exploiting labor and resources.

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68

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting east and west, enhancing settlement.

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69

Vertical Integration

Owning all production stages to increase profits.

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70

Horizontal Integration

Acquiring competitors to dominate a market.

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71

Gospel of Wealth

Philosophy advocating rich to help the poor.

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72

Class System

Hierarchy from richest to poorest in society.

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73

White Collar Workers

Professionals in non-manual skilled jobs.

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74

Blue Collar Workers

Manual laborers in skilled jobs.

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75

Wage Laborers

Low-paid workers facing dangerous conditions.

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76

Assembly Line

Manufacturing process with repetitive tasks.

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77

American Federation of Labor

Union for skilled workers advocating labor rights.

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78

Knights of Labor

Inclusive labor union for all workers.

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79

Strikes

Workers' protests for better conditions and pay.

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80

Collective Bargaining

Negotiation between employers and employees.

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81

Haymarket Bombing

Violent protest linked to labor movement.

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82

Closed Shop

Union-only workplace ensuring job security.

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83

Cartel

Group of businesses coordinating to fix prices.

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84

Sherman Antitrust Act

Law aimed at curbing monopolies and trusts.

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85

John D. Rockefeller

Oil magnate known for horizontal integration.

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86

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroad and shipping tycoon of the era.

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87

J.P. Morgan

Financier who influenced steel and railroads.

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88

Civil Service Act

Reformed government hiring to reduce corruption.

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89

Interstate Commerce Act

Regulated railroad rates and practices.

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