anatomy studies
structure
gross anatomy
what the "naked eye" can see
Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Physiology studies
the functions (chemistry & physics)
Levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
chemical
subatomic particles, particles, atoms, molecules, compounds
organelle
little organs - structures found inside cells
tissue
histology
organ system
systemic approach (vs. regional)
organism
population, community, ecosystem, biome biosphere
Characterics of Life
organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, growth, reproduction
Metabolism
includes both anabolism AND catabolism
anabolism
building up
Catabolism
breaking down
Ressponsiveness
ability of an organism to adjust
movement (external and internal)
joints of body, organs, cells
development
maturation, differentiation
differentiation
to become something else
Homeostasis
maintaining a relatively constant internal environment
"mechanisms" in the body to maintain it
considered positive or negative feed back
negative feedback
mechanism responds by reducing/turning off/negating the effect (thermostat)
positive feedback
mechanism responds by increasing/turning up the effect (childbirth)
anatomical position
essential for describing relative location - supine, baseline
supine
palms facing forward/upward (as if holding a bowl of "soup/supe")
baseline
so that we can make comparisons
anterior
front
Posterior
back
Inferior
below
Superior
above
medial
middle
Lateral
side
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
Distal
away from the point of attachment
superficial
near the surface
deep
away from the surface
Ipsilateral
same side
Contralateral
opposite side
anatomical position
anatomical planes
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
frontal (coronal)
divides body into front and back sections
transverse (horizontal)
divides the body into top and bottom sections
body cavities
dorsal and ventral
dorsal
cranial and vertebral
Ventral
thoracic and abdominopelvic
line cavity walls
parietal
organs
visceral
serous membranes
secrete watery fluid
thoracic activity
pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
pleura
lungs
Pericardium
heart
peritoneum
"guts"
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
help provide clear communication of where organs/wounds are located
medical imaging
X-rays, CT (CAT), MRI, PET, Ultrasonography
X-rays
radiation - penetrates solids, can damage cells
CT (CAT)
multiple X-ray sections/planes
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging (magnets create radio signals)
PET
positron emission tomography (functional)
ultrasonography
sound waves ("echos")