anatomy chapter 1

anatomy studies

structure

gross anatomy

what the "naked eye" can see

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Physiology studies

the functions (chemistry & physics)

Levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

chemical

subatomic particles, particles, atoms, molecules, compounds

organelle

little organs - structures found inside cells

tissue

histology

organ system

systemic approach (vs. regional)

organism

population, community, ecosystem, biome biosphere

Characterics of Life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, growth, reproduction

Metabolism

includes both anabolism AND catabolism

anabolism

building up

Catabolism

breaking down

Ressponsiveness

ability of an organism to adjust

movement (external and internal)

joints of body, organs, cells

development

maturation, differentiation

differentiation

to become something else

Homeostasis

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment

"mechanisms" in the body to maintain it

considered positive or negative feed back

negative feedback

mechanism responds by reducing/turning off/negating the effect (thermostat)

positive feedback

mechanism responds by increasing/turning up the effect (childbirth)

anatomical position

essential for describing relative location - supine, baseline

supine

palms facing forward/upward (as if holding a bowl of "soup/supe")

baseline

so that we can make comparisons

anterior

front

Posterior

back

Inferior

below

Superior

above

medial

middle

Lateral

side

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite side

anatomical position

anatomical planes

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal (coronal)

divides body into front and back sections

transverse (horizontal)

divides the body into top and bottom sections

body cavities

dorsal and ventral

dorsal

cranial and vertebral

Ventral

thoracic and abdominopelvic

line cavity walls

parietal

organs

visceral

serous membranes

secrete watery fluid

thoracic activity

pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

pleura

lungs

Pericardium

heart

peritoneum

"guts"

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

help provide clear communication of where organs/wounds are located

medical imaging

X-rays, CT (CAT), MRI, PET, Ultrasonography

X-rays

radiation - penetrates solids, can damage cells

CT (CAT)

multiple X-ray sections/planes

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging (magnets create radio signals)

PET

positron emission tomography (functional)

ultrasonography

sound waves ("echos")