CHEM 1035 Final Exam Study Guide - Virginia Tech

Weakest forces, exist in all substances, only force in non-polar substances, form temporary dipoles

London or Dispersion forces

Dispersion forces ____ with increasing molar mass

increase

Stronger than dispersion forces, only present in polar substances, attraction between oppositely charges ends of polar molecules

Dipole-dipole forces

Dipole-dipole forces ____ with increasing molar mass

increase

Very strong dipole force, only exist in compounds where H is covalently bonded to O, N, or F, due to high electronegativity difference in H and O, N, or F

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonded substances have ____ boiling points

high

The strength of hydrogen bonds _____ when ____ H-bonding sites are present

increase, more

Intermolecular forces between 2 different substances, between an ion and a polar molecule, attraction between oppositely charged ends of polar molecule and positive/negatively charged ion

Ion-dipole forces

dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole

Intermolecular forces in order on increasing strength

The ____ the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point

stronger

For substances with the same type of intermolecular forces the boiling point __ with increasing molar mass

increases

Viscosity is dependent on

intermolecular forces and temperature

Viscosity _____ with increasing temperature

decreases

Viscosity _____ with stronger intermolecular forces

increases

Surface tension is dependent on [2 things]

intermolecular forces and temperature

Surface tension ____ with stronger intermolecular forces

increases

Surface tension _____ with increasing temperature

decreases

Vapor pressure is dependent on

intermolecular forces and temperature

Vapor pressure ____ with stronger intermolecular forces

decreases

Vapor Pressure ___ with increasing temperature

increases

Boiling point is the point where

vapor pressure overcomes atmospheric pressure

Boiling Point is dependent on

intermolecular forces and atmospheric pressure

Boiling point is ____ when intermolecular forces are weak

low

Boiling point ____ with increasing atmospheric pressure

increases

solid to gas

sublimation

solid to liquid

melting

liquid to gas

vaporization

gas to liquid

condensation

liquid to solid

freezing

gas to solid

deposition

sublimation(subl), vaporization(vap), and melting(fus)

delta H positive

condensation(vap), freezing(fus), and deposition(subl)

delta H is negative

1 atm = ___ mm Hg = ___ Torr

760

(molar massP) / (RT)

density

mole ratio * total pressure

partial pressure

sum of partial pressures

total pressure

the movement of one gas through another

diffusion

the movement of gas particles through a pinhole

effusion

Real gases: The volume of gas particles are not equal to ___.There ___ attractive forces

zero; are slight

1 oC and 1 atm

STP

= nRT

PV

NH4 +

ammonium

Hg2 2+

mercury(I)

CN -

cyanide

O2 2-

peroxide

OH -

hydroxide

C2H3O2 -

acetate

NO2

nitrite

NO3 -

nitrate

ClO -

hypochlorite

ClO2 -

chlorite

ClO3 -

chlorate

ClO4 -

perchlorate

MnO4 -

permanganate

PO4 3-

phosphate

CO3 2-

carbonate

C2O4 2-

oxalate

CrO4 2-

chromate

Cr2O7 2-

dichromate

SO3 2-

sulfite

SO4 2-

sulfate

[H+][OH-] = 1*10^-14

Kw =

pH + pOH

14

pH =

-log [H+]

pOH =

-log [OH-]

oxidation number of elements

0

Oxidation number of monoatomic ion

charge of ion

oxidation number of compund

0 or polyatomic ion charge

oxidation number group 1A

+1

oxidation number group 2A

+2

oxidation number hydrogen

+1 with nonmetals

-1 with metals or boron

oxidation number fluorine

-1

oxidation number oxygen

-1 in peroxides

-2 in other compounds except F

oxidation number group 7A

-1

bond length decreases with ___bond order

increasing

bond energy increases with ___bond order

increasing

delta EN > 1.7

mostly ionic

0.4 < delta EN < 1.7

polar covalent

EN < 0.4

mostly covalent

EN = 0

non-polar covalent

elements that can have incomplete octets

Be and B

hybridization occurs in

bonded atoms

Increasing molar mass causes _____ strength dispersion forces.

increasing

more H-bonding sites

increased H-bond strength

Viscosity decreases with [2 things]

increasing temperature and decreasing forces

viscosity increases with

increasing forces

Surface tension increases with ____ intermolecular forces

increasing

surface tension decreases with

increasing temperature

Vapor pressure increases with [2 things]

increasing temperature and decreasing forces

vapor pressure increases with ____ temperature

increasing

k increases if

temperature increases

k decreases if

activation energy increases

increase in surface tension ___ reaction rate

increase

1*10^6

mega

1*10^3

kilo

1*10^-1

deci

1*10^-2

centi

1*10^-3

milli

1*10^-6

micro

1*10^-9

nano