Biology 180

General Biology of Protists

Must be aquatic,

Can be autotrophic and heterotrophic

Locomotion

Pseudopods

Flagella (Eukaryotic)

Cilia: Paramecium

What are protists

They don’t fit taxonomically in other Kingdoms; plants, animals, fungi

What are the four major taxonomic groups for fungi

• Basidiomycota

• Zygomycota

• Chytridiomycota

• Zoospores

• Ascomycota

Hyphae of a Zygomycota

Coenocytic

Hypae of Ascomycota

Septated

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns

hyphae; septate

• decomposers of wood and leaf litter; mycorrhizal patterns

• produces sexual spores (Basidiospores) on club-shaped structures (Basidia)

Zygomycota (Zygomcyetes)

produce zygosporangia found in bread molds (Sexual reproduction)

Hyphae: Coenocytic

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

Simplest most primitive eumycota

Produce motile spores (zoospores) with a single flagellum

• mostly aquatic, found in freshwater and moist soil

• Unicellular or form simple coenocytic hyphae

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

Produce Ascuspores within specialized sacs known as Asci

Hyphae: Septate

• Decomposers, symbionts (lichens)

• includes yeasts, truffles, morels

What are the names of the phylum

• Diatoms: Bacillario phyta

• Brown algae: Paeophyta

• Euglenoids: Euglenophyta

• Dinoflagellates: Danphyta

• Amoebas:Amoebozoa

• Water molds: oomycota

Euglenoids: (Euglenophyta)

• Unicellular/ Biflagellateel

• Common in freshwater

Dinoflagellates: (Dinophyta)

• Unicellular; Mostly marine

• Two flagella; Photosynthetic

• Many are endo symbionts

(Ride tides)

Amoebas: Amoebozoa

• Unicellular, with nucleus

• Contractile vacuole; mostly aquatic

• move by Pseudopodia

(Can kill humans,: entamoeba Histolytic = Pathogenic)

Water Molds: Oomycota

• Unicellular: Filamentous

• Saprophytic/parasitic —>

• phytophthora infestans

• 800,000 humans deaths (potato famine)

Diatoms: Bacillariophyta

Unicellular, aquatic

hugely important group —> food source

Source of diatomaceous earth

Brown Algae: Phaeaphyta

• Largest protists; - multicellular

• all are marine

• accessory pigment —> fucoxanthin = brown

• Alginic acid = polymer of sugar acids in cell wall

Kingdom Mycetae fungi

• All Heterotrophic; all produce spores

• cell walls = chitin ; absorb nutrition

• some saprophytic; Parasitic, symbiotic

General biology of Mycetae

• Unicellular fungi = yeasts

• vegetative body = mycellium

• multinucleated ; incomplete cell wall

• facultative: can have host, can survive without obligate

• predatory —> use hyphae

Define Mycelium

A mass of fungal hyphae

Define Hyphae

Each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungi

Five-kingdom Classification system

• Monera

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

Who developed this classification system?

Robert Whittaker (1969)

Organisms found in Plantae

All Eukaryotic organisms that perform photosynthesis

(trees, flowers)

Organisms found in Monera

All prokaryotic organisms

(Bacteria, and blue green algae - membrane bound organelles, and lack nucleus)

Organisms found in Protista

Consists of unicellular eukaryotic organisms

(Protozoans and some algae, defined nucleus)

Organisms found fungi

eurkyotic organisms that absorb nutrients from their surroundings

(Muchrooms, molds, yeasts)

Organisms found Animalia

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms

(Mammals, birds, insects)

Who is Carolus Linnaeus ?

Father of modern taxonomy, and established a hierarchical system for classifying and naming organisms using binomial nomenclature (hierarchical model)

describe the correct way to write a scientific name

You have to write it through binomial nomenclature; first the genus name which is always capitalized, then the specific name which always lowercase. Both are italicized