Cellular Respiration Overview

These flashcards cover key concepts of cellular respiration, including processes, types of organisms, and regulation mechanisms.

Cellular respiration converts energy from food into __.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Energy cannot be created or destroyed due to the __.

law of conservation of energy

ATP is broken down into ADP and __ to release energy.

phosphate

The three main parts of ATP are: __, ribose, and adenine.

three phosphate groups

Organisms that make their own food using sunlight are called __.

autotrophs

The process of extracting energy from glucose to make ATP is known as __ metabolism.

glucose

Heterotrophs cannot make their own food; they obtain energy by __.

eating other organisms

Only __% of energy passes to the next level in a food chain.

~10

In redox reactions, oxidation refers to a molecule __ electrons.

losing

In electron carriers, NAD+ gains electrons to become __.

NADH

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in __ and the Krebs Cycle.

glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation happens in the __ with oxygen.

mitochondria

In glycolysis, one glucose molecule is broken down into __ pyruvate molecules.

two

Pyruvate oxidation converts each pyruvate into __ before the Citric Acid Cycle.

acetyl-CoA

The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the __ matrix.

mitochondrial

Through the Citric Acid Cycle, per glucose, 6 __ are produced.

CO₂

The Electron Transport Chain consists of a series of __ in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

proteins

Chemiosmosis converts the kinetic energy of protons into __ energy in the form of ATP.

chemical

Total ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation is estimated to be __ ATP per glucose.

30–36

Both lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation regenerate __.

NAD+

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells and certain __.

bacteria

Alcohol fermentation is utilized by __, which includes yeast.

fungi

Regulation of Cellular Respiration helps maintain __ balance.

energy

Feedback inhibition adjusts metabolic pathways based on high levels of __.

products

In glycolysis, the first half involves the __ of glucose using 2 ATP.

phosphorylation

The second half of glycolysis produces 2 NADH and __ ATP (net gain).

4

Respiration continues with fermentation if __ is not available.

oxygen