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Mediastinum
The middle section of the chest cavity.
What is the mediastinum bordered by?
Thoracic inlet (on top)
diaphragm (bottom)
sternum (in front)
lungs (on either side)
vertebral column (in back)
3 parts of mediastinum
anterior, middle and posterior
organs in mediastinum
heart, aorta, thymus, chest portion of trachea and esophagus
Heart
A muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.
Capillaries
Permit the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissues, and diffusion of waste products of the metabolism from the tissues into the blood.
Tricuspid Valve
Between Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
Pulmonic Valve
Between Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery
Mitral Valve
Between Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Between Left Ventricle and Aorta (semilunar)
blood flow through heart (start at lungs oxygenated blood)
lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - capillaries - vena cava - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - right atrium - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lungs
Cardiac Conduction System
The heart has specialized muscle cells here that send signals to the heart muscle that cause it to contract
Conduction System Components
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
Conduction Path
Starts in the SA node (anatomical pacemaker) causing the atrial muscles to contract
AV node
bundle of His down
Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract.
three main layers of heart
superficial to deep
epicardium
endocardium
myocardium (main part)
Lub
First heart sound (S1) – Mitral and Tricuspid valve closing
Dub
Second Heart sound (S2) – Pulmonic and Aortic valves closing
S1-S2
Systole - heart emptying
S2-S1
Diastole - heart filling
Systolic pressure
Pressure released slowly until first sounds are heard.
Diastolic pressure
When sounds disappear, blood is free flowing.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Narrowing of the arteries - stops nutrients and oxy from getting to heart
Arrhythmia
An irregular or abnormal heartbeat.
Heart Failure
The heart does not pump as well as it should, leading to salt and water retention, causing swelling and shortness of breath.
Heart Valve Disease
Examples include mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, and mitral valve insufficiency
when valves don’t close correctly - blood flow problem
Heart Muscle Disease (Cardiomyopathy)
valve muscles get too strong and blood can’t enter
Peripheral Artery Disease
Similar to CAD but in the body
Coronary artery disease
plaque build up in arteries blocking blood flow and causing heart attack
body tries to destroy fat and instead inflames it more
clot continues to grow over time
generally caused by blood vessel problems - hypertension/ diabetes