Cellular Respiration

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120 Terms

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Cellular respiration

Catabolic process that uses energy stored in glucose to produce ATP

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About what percent of the energy from glucose is found in ATP?

34%

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What happens to the rest of the energy?

It is lost as heat

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What type of process is the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide?

Exergonic - release energy

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What type of process is the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP?

Endergonic - requires energy

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What drives cellular respiration?

Energy from the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

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Redox reactions

Reactions that transfer electrons from one molecule to another

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In redox reactions, electrons release energy as they are pulled toward a more…

electronegative atom 

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Oxidation

loss of an electron

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Reduction

gain of an electron - molecules become more negative, reducing the charge on the molecules

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e-

electron 

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Electron acceptor - gain electrons

  • is reduced

  • oxidizing agent

  • has a high electronegativity

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Oxidizing agent

causes other molecules to be oxidized

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Electron donor - give up electrons

  • is oxidized

  • reducing agent

  • has a low electronegativity

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Reducing agent

causes other molecules to be reduced

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What atoms are often used in redox reactions

hydrogen atoms

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Hydrogen atoms have ___ proton and ___ electron

1, 1

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H →

H+ (proton) + e- (electron)

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Aerobic Respiration

Uses sugar and oxygen to produce ATP

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C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30-32 ATP (Net equation for cellular respiration) Know for quizzes and tests

Oxygen is inhaled during breathing and carbon dioxide is exhaled during breathing

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In redox reactions in aerobic respirations, glucose is broken down into what?

CO2 and H

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H binds to O2 to form what?

H2O

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Energy that is released from glucose is used to phosphorylate what?

ADP into ATP

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What does 30-32 ATP represent?

About 34% of energy in one glucose molecule

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In aerobic respirations, if all of the energy in fuel is released at once, how much work is accomplished?

little

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Therefore, the energy in glucose must be released in a series of..

steps 

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Dehydrogenase enzymes remove electrons from molecules and transfer them to what?

electron carrier molecules

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Electron carrier molecules accept ____-_____ electrons and transfer those electrons, along with most of their energy, to other molecules

high-energy

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NAD+

Coenzyme derived from vitamin B

  • NAD+ + 2H → NAD+ + H + H + e- → NADH + H+

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FAD

  • FAD + 2H → FADH2

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2 Ways to Produce ATP

Substrate phosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation 

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Substrate phosphorylation

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP to form ATP 

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Oxidative phosphorylation

uses energy from redox reactions in the electron transport chain to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

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In Glycolysis, glucose is broken down into what?

pyruvate

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Then, it produces some ATP and NADH and releases some what?

water

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Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm 

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In the oxidation of pyruvate, pyruvate is broken down into what?

acetyl CoA

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Some what is then released?

CO2

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Where does oxidation of pyruvate occur

In the inner membrane and matrix of the mitochondria 

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In the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle), Acetyl CoA is broken down into what?

CO2

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What is then produced?

NaDH and FaDH2

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Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

In the matrix of the mitochondria

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In oxidative phosphorylation, energy is used from electron transport chain and H+ gradient to produce what?

ATP

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Electron transport chain

uses energy from redox reactions to create H+ gradient

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H+ gradient 

H+ are actively transported into the intermembrane space

  • contains a large amount of potential energy

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Chemiosmosis

uses energy from H+ gradient to produce ATP

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In Glycolysis, Glucose (6-carbon molecule) is broken down into how many pyruvates (3-carbon molecules)

2

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This releases hydrogens, uses 2 ATP, and releases 2 what?

H2O

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2 NAD+ are converted to 2 NADH

  • 2NAD+ + 4H → NADH + 2H+

  • NADH goes to electron transport chain

  • H+ goes to the H+ gradient 

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4 ATP are produced by what?

substrate-level phosphorylation

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This means that 2 ATP are used to produce pyruvate and there’s a net gain of how many ATP?

2

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In the Oxidation of Pyruvate, pyruvate is broken down into what?

acetate (2-carbon molecule) and CO2

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The acetate bonds with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA, which enters what?

The citric acid cycle. CO2 is released

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In the Oxidation of Pyruvate, NAD+ is converted to NADH using hydrogens released from what?

pyruvate

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The NADH goes to the _______  ________ chain while H+goes to the __ gradient

electron transport, H

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In the Citric Acid Cycle, Acetyl CoA is broken down into what?

acetate and coenzyme A

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The coenzyme A goes back to oxidizing what?

pyruvate

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The acetate binds to an oxaloacetate to form what?

citrate

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Citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate and what is released?

CO2

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In the Citric Acid Cycle, 3 NAD+ are converted to

3 NADH and 3 H+

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The NADH goes to electron transport chain while H+ goes to the..

H+ gradient 

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Continually, ATP is produced by what?

substrate phosphorylation 

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The FAD is converted to what?

FADH2, which goes to the electron transport chain.

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In Oxidative Phosphorylation, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of..

multi-protein complexes labeled I - IV 

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Each complex has prosthetic groups, which are

nonprotein components and are essential to the catalytic function of the molecules 

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Many of the complexes in the electron transport chain contain what?

cytochromes - molecules with an iron group 

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Molecules further down the chain increase in what?

electronegativity 

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What is the most electronegative molecule in the electron transport chain?

O2

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In the process of the electron transport chain, NADH contributes 2 electrons to what complex?

Complex I

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The NADH is converted back to what?

NAD

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H+ is released, and NAD+ goes back to what?

glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, or citric acid cycle. 

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In the process of the electron transport chain, FADH2 contributes 2 electrons to what complex?

Complex II

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The FADHis converted back to what?

FAD

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2 H+ are released, and FAD goes back to the

citric acid cycle

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Electrons move down the chain through a series of _____ reactions and energy is released at each step

redox

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In Oxidative Phosphorylation, oxygen combines with electrons and H+ to form what?

water.

  • O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O

  • water is released

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In the H+ gradient, the energy from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ from the matrix into the..

intermembrane space

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Proton motive force

energy from the H+ gradient can be used to perform work 

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In Chemiosmosis, ATP synthase is a

protein complex that produces ATP

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Hdiffuses down the concentration gradient and binds to..

ATP synthase 

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ATP synthase uses energy released by H+ to phosphorylate ADP into

ATP

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Chemiosmosis produces how many ATP?

28

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Sometimes energy from proton motive force is used to do other types of work

  • uptake of pyruvate

  • often produces only 26 ATP 

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In aerobic respiration, carbohydrates are converted to ___________ and are used in glycolysis 

monosaccharides 

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Fats are broken down into

glycerol and fatty acids

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Glycerol is used in..

glycolysis

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Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon molecules and converted to..

acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle

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1g of fat produces twice as many ATPs as 1g of what?

carbohydrate 

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Proteins are broken down into

amino acids, which are then converted to intermediates in glycolysis

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What are amino acids converted to in glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, or the citric acid cycle?

intermediates

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Anaerobic respiration

uses a different final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, such as sulfate

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Fermentation

uses only substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP

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Two types of fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

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In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate and produces how many ATPs?

2 ATP’s, much less ATP than aerobic respiration.

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It produces NADH, which must be recycled to

NAD+

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Glycolysis occurs in both

lactic acid and alcohol fermentation 

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In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to what?

lactate.

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It also recycles NADH to

NAD+

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Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in what cells?

human muscle cells

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It occurs in some fungi and some prokaryotes and is used to produce what

cheese and yogurt