Chapter 1 Concepts

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Statistics

34 Terms

1

ordinal

categorical variable that is ordered

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2

categorical variable

represent types of data which may be divided into groups

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3

numerical discrete

variable that represents a count

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4

numerical continuous

variable that represents measurable amounts

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5

explanatory variable

what you manipulate or observe changes in

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6

response variable

what changes as a result of the explanatory variable

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7

observational study

collect data in a way that does not directly interfere with how the data arises

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8

observational study

evidence of a naturally occurring association (correlation), can be generalized

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9

experiment

researchers randomly assign subjects to various treatments in order to establish casual connections

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10

association

when two variables show some connection with one another

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11

independent

no evident connection between two variables

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12

experiment

can establish causation, cannot be generalized

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13

census

sample entire population, complex and expensive

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14

non-response

sampling bias when only a fraction of people sampled respond

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15

voluntary

sample bias when people only respond because they have a strong opinion

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16

convenience

sample bias where only individuals easily accessible are included

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17

simple random sample

randomly select cases from the population where there is no implied connection

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18

stratified sampling

the population is divided into similar observations (strata) and random samples are taken of each stratum

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19

cluster sampling

data is clustered, a simple random sample of clusters are taken, data is sampled from all clusters

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20

control

control for potential effects of variables other than the ones being directly studied

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21

randomize

randomly sample and assign subjects to treatments

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22

replicate

to reproduce the exact study on a different sample

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23

block

if there are variables that are known or suspected to affect the response variable, the subjects are grouped into blocks based on these variables and then randomly assigned cases

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24

descriptive statistics

summarized collected data through numbers such as averages and percentages

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25

inferential statistics

draw conclusions about the population based on data from a sample of the population

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26

parameter

numerical summary of the population

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27

statistic

numerical summary of the sample

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28

parameter

μ,σ,ρ

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29

statistic

x̅,s,r

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30

treatment group

receives the variable being tested

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31

control group

does not receive any treatment

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32

placebo

an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug

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33

placebo effect

any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo; the change is usually beneficial and is assumed result from the person's faith in the treatment or preconceptions about what the experimental drug was supposed to do

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34

double-blind

doctors or researches who interact with patients and the patients are unaware of who is or is not receiving the treatment

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