Electrical Communication

Electricity is generated when theres a reversal in charge inside/outside the neurons axon. True or False?

True

During resting potential the inside the neurons cell membrane is more positive or negative?

Negative (All gates are closed, and because there are more positive Sodium/Na+ ions being outside of the membrane)

Action Potential

When the potassium channels close and sadium ions keep entering the cell

Depolarization

When the sodium channels open and the neuron becomes more positive

Repolarization

When the potassium channels close, the sodium channels open and the neuron becomes more negative

Hyperpolarization

When the voltage dips when the potassium channels stay open too long

How many sodium molecules does the sodium/potassium pump send in?

3

How many potassium molecules does the sodium/potassium pump send out?

2

Is the sodium/potassium pump active or passive transport?

Active

What are chemicals used to carry electrical impulses from neuron to neuron?

Neurotransmitters

Stages of action potential

Resting potential, Threshold potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolariation

Nerve cell

Neuron

The long single nerve-cell process that usually conducts impulses away form the cell is the ______

Axon

The branching processes that conduct impulses towards the cell body of a neuron are the _______

Dendrites

What is the order of the neuron pathway?

Sensory, Interneuron, Motor

An automatic response to to a stimulus (often not passing thru the brain) is a _____

Reflex

The insulating coat of a cell membrane (made of Schwann cells) that interrupted by nodes of Ranvier is _____

Mylein Sheath

What channel opens to cause an ion influx into the cell causing reverse charge and the start of action potential?

Sodium (Na+)

Which ions are involved in neuron action potential?

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)

Mylein sheath deteriorates causing signals to slow/stop

Multiple Sclerosis

Auto-immune disease that attacks the nervous system

ALS (Lou Gehrigs Disease)

Abnormal activity of neurons causing recurrent seizures

Epilepsy

Degenerative brain disorder that causes dementia

Alzheimer’s

The _______ is a membrane protein that requires ATP energy to restore the ion concentration back to the resting state of action potential.

Sodium/potassium pump

From an area of high to low concentration without energy is ______

Passive transport

From an area of low to high concentration requiring ATP energy is ______

Active transport

With the help of a protein is ______

Facilitated diffusion

Where small/uncharged particles use passive transport is _______

Diffusion

Send info from CNS to organs, glands, muscles

Motor neuron

Sends info to the CNS from neuron to organs/external stimuli

Sensory neuron

Communicated between motor and sensory neurons. Found in CNS.

Interneuron

Type of neuron that carries messages to CNS (sensory neurons)

Afferent

Type of neuron that carries messeges AWAY from the CNS (motor neurons)

Efferent

The reason that reflexes are quicker than volantsry actions is because the reflex arc doesn’t go through the ______

Brain

Gap between two neurons

Synapse

Neurotransmitter responsible for pleasure, motivation, mood

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter responsible for fight or flight, attention

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter responsible for sleep, mood, digestion

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction, learning, memory

Acetylcholine

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter (found in 90% of all synapses)

Glutamate

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, normal brain function

GABA