BI 111 Bio Principles - Ecology

Exam 4 Study Guide

Ecology

study relationship btwn organisms and environ (abiotic + biotic)

Biological Organization Hierarchy

Individual

Population

Community

Landscapes

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Community

dif pops that interact

Landscape

multiple communities

Ecosystem

abiotic and biotic that interact

Biosphere

all landscapes

Demography

study of processes that influ birth, death and pop growth rates

Population size estimated from? (2)

density and spatial area

pop density

number indiv per unit of area

geographic range

total spatial area where species can be found

BD Model purpose

pop change over time

per capita model purposes

standardizes pop change

per capita birth rate

number of offspring avg indiv produces

per capita death rate

avg indiv chance of dying

per capita growth rate

avg indiv contribution to total pop growth rate

per capita conditions (3)

if b>d, r>o, pop grows

if b<d, r<o, pop shrinks

if b=d, r=o, pop stays

Multiplicative growth (+ ex)

exponential growth

ex = humans

additive growth

constant number added each time

what is density dependent

per capita growth rate

density dependent

any factor that varies with density

carrying capacity

max pop or density that particular envirn can support

Life history

sequence/duration of stages passed through life

7 things to know from life history

REGSFPP
avg lifetime reproductive success

life expectancy

generation time

survivorship

fecundity

per capita growth rate

projected pop growth

survivorship

proportion of indiv that survive from birth to certain stage

fecundity

avg # daughters each surviving female produces during particular life stage

life expectancy

avg age at death

generation time

avg age mother has daughters

avg lifetime reproductive success

avg number of offspring of indiv

principle of allocation

resources cannot be used for two functions

resources up = 2 things up

fecundity and survivorship

life history tradeoffs

negative relationships among growth, reprod, survival

3 life history tradeoffs

early growth vs longevity

early reprod vs size

parental care vs # of offspring

what max fitness

allocation patterns

fitness

ability to survive and reproduce

intraspecific

w/in species

interspecific

btwn species

Mutualism

+/+

Consumption (ex)

+/-

ex: parasitism

Commensalism

+/0

Amensalism

-/0

Competition

-/-

competitive exclusion

species competing cannot coexist

ecological niche

abiotic and biotic (envir) and species role w/in community

fundamental niche

entire range of envir conditions/resources species could occupy (no limiting factors)

realized niche

actual range (w/ limiting factors)

3 things about complex interaction

more than 2 species

indirect or direct

change through time

Trophic

feeding inerations

food web

diagram of consumption

Trophic cascades

change one species, effect multiple trophic levels

Invasive species

inc, spreads, negative effect

Evolutionary theory

genetic change in pop over time casues

Darwins postulates (3)

1. species are not immutable (they change)

2. descent w/ modification (divergent evolution)

3. natural selection (inc survival/ reprod based on traits)

evolution

change in genetic composition in POP over time

natural selction

dif contribution of offspring to next gen by various genetic type (indiv level)

conditions required for natural selection (3)

variation

heredity

fitness

variation

dif phenotype bs dif genotype

heredity

traits have genetic basis

adaptation

favored trait that spreads through pop via nat select

natural vs artificial selection

both do?

traits that help survival/reprod

or traits preferred by humans

both inc frequency of favored trait from one gen to next

Mechanisms of evolution

NNMGG

natural selection

nonrandom mating

mutation

genetic drift

gene flow

mutation purpose

generate variation that nat select acts on

allele

dif forms of gene

locus

where gene on chromosome

gene pool

all alleles in pop

Genetic drift

random change in allele frequency from one gen to nxt (greatest effect in small pop)

lead to genetic drift (2)

population bottleneck

founder’s effect

population bottleneck

only few indiv survive

founders effect

pop estb by very small pop

gene flow

migration of indiv from one pop to another (changes allele frequencies)

nonrandom mating (3 types)

self fertilization

assortive mating

sexual selection

assortive mating

pos- mate w/ similar traits

neg - mate with dif traits

sexual selection

traits favored reprod potential (even if reduces survival)

stabilizing selection

intermediates favored

directional selection

one extreme favored

disruptive selection

both extremes favored

disruptive

stabilizing

disruptive

directional

directional

stabilizing

lineage

descended from single ancestor

phylogeny

evol history of particular group and their genes

node =

speciation event

Taxon

named group

clade

ancestor and all decedents

sister clade/taxon

closest relatives

homologous

similarity features bc inheritance

synamorphy

derived from ancestors and present in all descendents

ancestral trait

present in ancestor

derived trait

evolved from ancestral form

homoplasties

similar traits not inherited

convergent evolution

indep changes to same trait

evolutionary reversal

reappearance of ancestral trait

phylogenic tree assumptions (2)

no reversals, no convergence

ingroup

primary interest group

outgroup

closely related, for comparison

parsimony analysis

simplest explanation (fewest evolutionary changes)

phylogeny dats sources

morphology

developmental

paleontology

behavior (based in genetics)

molecular

5 phylogenetic usages

zoonotic disease tracking

forensics

evolution of traits

revealing convergent evolution

dating past events