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Northern Colonies
Known for its focus on religion, highly literate population, and beliefs in self-government.
Mayflower Compact
The 1st written agreement of self-government to establish a political society in the new world.
Pueblo Revolt
Originated by the southwest native tribe, resulting in newfound respect by the Spanish.
Jay Treaty
Treaty between United States and Great Britain that averted war and set up trade agreements of which most Americans did not approve.
Whiskey Rebellion
Originated after the first domestic tax was instituted, put down by Washington.
Bacon's Rebellion
Originated due to lack of support against Native attacks, leading to a shift to African slavery. This uprising in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon, challenged the authority of the Virginia governor and highlighted tensions between frontier settlers and the colonial government.
Headright System
Colonists were given 50 acres of land for each indentured servant brought to America. Was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage.
Mercantilism
An economic system that solely benefited the colonizing nation, believing wealth was finite.
Southern Colonies
Known for its cash crop centered economy (tobacco), indentured servants, and slaves.
Olive Branch Petition
A final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to loyalty if grievances were addressed.
Shay's Rebellion
Started due to perceived economic slights, demonstrating the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.
Anne Hutchinson
Preached that God communicated with individuals, not church elders, expelled for her beliefs.
Columbian Exchange
The sharing of goods and resources from the Old World to the New World.
Pontiac's Rebellion
Originated after settlers moved into the Ohio River Valley post-victory of the French and Indian War.
William Penn
A Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a religious experiment in toleration.
Middle Colonies
Known for their toleration, Quakers, and agricultural grain production.
Navigation Acts
1660 laws passed to ensure Britain’s mercantilistic policies, ignored after the Glorious Revolution.
Pinckney Treaty
Agreement which allowed U.S. access to the Mississippi River and the ability to store goods in the port of New Orleans.
Great Awakening
A religious movement characterized by emotional preaching, uniting all 13 Colonies.
Halfway Covenant
A lenient shift allowing broader participation in New England politics due to low church membership.
French and Indian War
Brought North American theaters into the worldwide Seven Years' War between British America and New France. Pit the colonies’ of British America against those of New France.
Sons of Liberty
A radical political organization forming in 1765 after the Stamp Act to seek colonial independence.
Constitutional Convention
Delegate meetings in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation, resulting in the new Constitution.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Dictated requirements for new territories to become states under the Articles of Confederation.
Bill of Rights
A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people outlined in the first ten Amendments.
Boston Massacre
British soldiers fired into a crowd, defended by J. Adams; viewed as a justification for rebellion.
Articles of Confederation
The first U.S government, which established firm league of friendship among states, but proved too weak.
Thomas Paine
Wrote Common Sense to convince undecided colonists to join the Patriots.
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence and served as the first Secretary of State and third President.
Stamp Act
Tax attaching revenue stamps to all printed materials; repealed and replaced by Declaratory Acts.
Federalists
Believed in a strong central government, a national bank, British alliance, and tariffs.
Proclamation of 1763
Forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains as a result of Pontiac’s Rebellion.
Democratic-Republicans
Believed in states' rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution, a French alliance, and no tariffs.
Alexander Hamilton
Aid to Washington during the Revolution, leader of the Federalists favoring a constitutional government.
Salutary Neglect
An English policy of relaxing regulatory enforcement in exchange for colonial economic loyalty.
George Washington
Lieutenant Colonel in the 7 Years War, General in the Revolutionary War, and 1st President. He set many precedents for the presidency (in domestic and foreign policies) and was a key figure in the founding of the United States.
Albany Plan of Union
A proposal that called for the formation of a permanent federation of colonies as a means to reform colonial-imperial relations and to more effectively address shared colonial interests.
Republican Motherhood
Belief that women should be educated in virtue to teach civic virtue to their children.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Recognized the independence of American colonies, granting territory in North America.
James Madison
Advocated for a new Constitution, switching from Federalist to Democratic-Republican post-ratification due to his belief in the need for a strict adherence to the Constitution.
American System
Included the 2nd Bank of the U.S., protective tariff, and growth of internal infrastructure.
Embargo Act of 1807
Blocked all trade between the U.S. and Europe due to conflicts from the Napoleonic wars.
Macon's Bill
Opened trade to either Britain or France, contingent on ceasing the impressment of U.S. sailors.
Missouri Compromise
Attempt to preserve power balance in Congress between slave and free states, enacted in 1820 by Henry Clay.
Jeffersonian Democracy
Deeply committed to American Republicanism, which entailed the opposition of corruption and aristocracy in any form and a belief in the common man's ability to govern. Prioritized the “yeoman farmer.”
Marbury v. Madison
Established Judicial review of law, giving the Supreme Court power over constitutional matters.
Hartford Convention
Meetings of New England Federalists discussing grievances of the War of 1812, leading to the Federalist party’s decline.
War of 1812
Conflict between the US and Britain that started due to impressment and armed natives, resulted in growth of U.S. nationalism.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Agreement that gave Florida, originally under Spanish rule, to the U.S. in 1819.
Henry Clay
Responsible for the Missouri Compromise, Compromise Tariff, and Compromise of 1850.
Market Revolution
Expansion of the marketplace, focused on infrastructure due to long term embargoes.
Cotton Gin
Machine that quickly separates cotton fibers from seeds, revitalizing slavery despite it’s previous decline.
Era of Good Feelings
Period of perceived political unity with the Democratic Republicans under under President James Monroe.
Impressment
Act of forcing men into military or naval service without notice.
XYZ Affair
Incident where French agents demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats in order to discuss French attacks.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Determined that states could not tax federal entities, specifically the 2nd Bank of the U.S.
Andrew Jackson
War hero and, consequently, the 7th President of the United States. Known for his populist style and policies, along with Tariff of Abomination and his indifference to the Supreme Court. He implemented the Indian Removal Act and was a key figure in the founding of the Democratic Party.
2nd Bank of the United States
Federally authorized Hamiltonian bank during the Era of Good Feelings, eventually dismantled by Jackson in 1836.
James Monroe
Democratic-Republican President during the Era of Good Feelings, last of the Founding Fathers.
Whig Party
Formed in response to Jackson's presidency, centered around abolition.
Compromise of 1850
Attempt to avert a crisis between North and South with five provisions: the admittance of California as a free state, the outlaw of slavery in D.C, the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act, the organization of Utah and New Mexico territories without restrictions on slavery, and the settlement of Texas's border dispute.
Zachary Taylor
Military officer and President before his demise, known for his role in the Mexican-American War.
2nd Great Awakening
Shift in religious beliefs leading to reform movements as a way of penance such as suffrage, temperance, abolition, and mental health.
Mexican Cession
Land in the modern-day southwester United States that was acquired through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
Temperance
Reform movement aimed at making alcohol illegal due to rises in immigration, crime, and domestic issues.
James K. Polk
Expansionist President, referred to as the first 'dark horse', pledged one term.
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed law to ban slavery in territory gained from Mexico in the Mexican War, ultimately not passed.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended the Mexican-American War, granting parts of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming to the U.S.
Gadsden Purchase
Agreement for the U.S. to pay Mexico $10 million for land that became part of Arizona and New Mexico.
Force Bill
Authorized President Jackson to use military force against states resisting tariffs during the Nullification Crisis.
John Tyler
1st Vice President elevated to President by death of William Henry Harrison, referred to as “his accidency” by political opponents.
Franklin Pierce
Northern Democrat that regarded the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation. Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act despite abolitionist threats.
Manifest Destiny
19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America and stretch from coast-to-coast.
Transcendentalism
Philosophical movement developed in the late 1820s in the eastern region of the United States that opposed the prevailing intellectualism of the time.
Nullification Crisis
South Carolina declared Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 'null and void', asserting state rights.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Allowed territories in the midwest to decide on slavery within state borders. Contributed to the collapse of the Whig Party.
Cult of Domesticity
View in the 1800s that women should focus on home life and not work outside the home.
Free-Soil Party
A single-issue party opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories.
William Lloyd Garrison
Prominent abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer known for founding the newspaper 'The Liberator' with Isaac Knapp in 1831.
Jacksonian Democracy
Movement promoting rights for common man, opposing aristocratic influences.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued following the Union victory at Antietam with strategic implications for the Civil War. It declared the freedom of all enslaved people in Confederate-held territory.
Congressional Reconstruction
Appalled by mass killing of ex-slaves and adoption of restrictive black codes, seized control and mandated five military districts and new state constitutions that ensured civil rights and voting rights for African Americans.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Passed by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson and declared all persons born in the U.S. as citizens without regard to race, color, or previous condition.
Battle of Vicksburg
Union control of the Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy.
15th Amendment
Prohibits denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous servitude.
Bleeding Kansas
Violent border confrontations between anti- and pro-slavery factions, considered a precursor to the Civil War.
Homestead Act
Encouraged Western migration by providing migrants 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving full ownership of their plots.
Tenure of Office Act
Restricted presidential power to remove certain office-holders without Senate approval. Led to Johnson’s impreachment.
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln's speech dedicating the Soldiers' National Cemetery after the Civil War's Bloodiest Battle.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Declared slaves were property, not citizens, and could not sue in federal courts.
Freeport Doctrine
Stephen Douglas's assertion, in spite of the Dred Scott decision, claiming that slavery could be excluded from territories by local legislation.
Johnson Reconstruction Plan
Three goals. First, a speedy restoration of the states. Second, political power in the Southern states should pass from the planter class to his beloved “plebeians.” Third, to win the election in his own right in 1868.
Compromise of 1877
Unofficial agreement ending Reconstruction, resulting in R. B. Hays as president and the withdrawal of troops in the South.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime.
Freedmen's Bureau
Established in 1865 to assist former slaves and poor whites post-Civil War.
Radical Republicans
Led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens. Fought for equal rights for blacks and punishment for Confederate leaders.
Appomattox Courthouse
Site of General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War.
14th Amendment
All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Harper's Ferry
John Brown's attempted armed revolt in 1859 to trigger slave uprising by taking a U.S. arsenal.
Sumner Brooks Affair
Two days after the end of Sumner’s speech, Brooks entered the Senate chamber where Sumner was working at his desk. He flatly told Sumner, “You’ve libeled my state and slandered my white-haired old relative, Senator Butler, and I’ve come to punish you for it.” Brooks proceeded to strike Sumner over the head repeatedly with a gold-tipped cane.This violent attack highlighted the intense sectional conflict and rising tensions over slavery in the years leading up to the Civil War.
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