Biology Final Exam-WAHOOOOOO!!!

D.U.N. Done!

What was Lamark’s hypothesis for how evolution occurs?

Organisms change behavior when environments change.

What was Darwin’s hypothesis for how evolution occurs?

Natural selection

What are the two Mechanisms for Natural Selection?

1. Heritability

2. Genetic Variation

What change forced Meganeura to reduce its body size?

Low oxygen levels

What are the two main sources of genetic variation?

Mutation and Sexual Reproduction

What are the three types of natural selection?

1. Directional Selection

2. Stabilizing Selection

3. Diversifying Selection

Directional Selection

When an extreme physical trait does better in a certain environment than the regular or moderately intense phenotypes (giraffe necks).

Stabilizing Selection

When the intermediate traits are favored over the extreme phenotypes (robin eggs).

Diversifying/Disruptive Selection

When two opposing extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate traits (hares).

Taxonomy: In order (eight total)

1. Domain

2. Kingdom

3. Phylum

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

8. Species

   Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

Who coined “Descent with Modification”, and what does it mean?

Darwin came up with it, and it means that species evolve into new species, and all have a shared original ancestor.

Natural Selection

Genetics will evolve depending on which organisms have the best phenotypes for their environments. Survival of the fittest.

Heritability

the percentage of the genetic wiggle room of a phenotype’s expression, depending on how widely the phenotype is passed on/expressed in a species

Genetic Variation

Paleontology

Homologous

traits that either have the same origin but different functions, or vice versa

Vestigial Structures

Features that were once useful for an organism but are no longer useful (think appendix).

Why are mules sterile?

Because horses and donkeys are two different species, but from the same family. They can breed, but their offspring cannot.

Why is sympatric speciation more common in plants?

Because plants can produce asexually and don’t depend on sexual reproduction to spread genetics.

What is convergent evolution and what are the examples discussed?

When the same trait develops in two different species (that are separated from each other) at the same time.

 Species

Group of organisms that are similar enough to mate and reproduce successfully

Speciation

Prezygotic barriers

Temporal isolation

Habitat isolation

Behavioral isolation

Mechanical isolation

Gametic isolation

 Postzygotic barriers

Hybrid inviability & hybrid sterility

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Polyploidy

Biogeography

Evolutionary development

Paedomorphosis

 What does the fossil evidence of Archaeopteryx provide?

Photoreceptors

How did Stromatolites (microbial cyanobacteria community) change the atmosphere during the Precambrian?

If cyanobacteria photosynthesize, what would happen to the atmosphere?

Why take antibiotics all the way through the recommended time?

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Microbiome

 Microbiota

Bacteria and Archaea

What symbiotic fungi do plants have with their roots?

What is the main reason to have fruit for angiosperms?

Stomata

Cuticle

Xylem

Phloem

Mycorrhizae

Why are monarch butterfly populations at their lowest levels?

What are the major chordate classes and general features of each?

Which animal phylums have radial symmetry and which animal phylums have bilateral symmetry?

Are humans still evolving?

How do textbooks say that we “lost our fur”? (more like lost our minds)

Animals

Heterotroph

Spongees

Cnidaria

Molluscs

Cephalopods

Chromatophores

Arthropods

Exoskeleton

Echinoderm

Chordates

Amniotic egg

Primates

Tetrapod

What are the four main evolutionary branches?

1. Chordates

2. Vertebrates

3. Tetrapods

4. Amniotes

Cladogram/Evolutionary Phylogeny