Pathology of the bronchi and bronchioles

true

true/false: acute injury and repair in the bronchi and bronchioles are very similar to the responses in the upper airways

necrosis, exfoliation, bronchoconstriction

Damage to ciliated epithelium leads to __________ and ________.

Inflammatory mediators and neural reflexes to irritation often cause _________________________

cough, dyspnea, may expel exudates

What are some clinical signs or acute injury or inflammation in bronchi?

club cells, CC10, phospholipase A2

As long as the basement membrane is intact, re-epithelization by proliferation of __________ leads to complete repair.

These cells produce _________which inhibits _________________. (major mediator for arachiodontic acid cascade)

fibrosis

If the basement membrane is extremely damaged and repair is not possible, ______ can occur.

exudate, abscesses

purulent, bronchial wall

Lesions associated with acute bronchitis often include bronchi that are filled with _______ and look like _________.

___________ material is surrounded by remnants of ____________________

Goblet cell hyperplasia

__________________: Increased mucus fills the airways and accumulation leads to chronic obstructive bronchitis

thick mucus reduces its function

Why doesn't the mucociliary escalator take care of the mucus in goblet cell hyperplasia?

Bronchiectasis

_______________________: Chronic release of inflammatory mediators damages the wall of the bronchus, leading to permanent dilation.

squamous metaplasia

ciliated epithelial

squamous epithelium

other infections

In chronic bronchitis, the basement membrane is often damaged, and re-epithelization leads to ______________________.

In other words, __________ cells are replaced with _____________. This reduces the mucociliary escalator function and causes increased risk of ___________>

bronchiectasis

bacteria can travel deeper into the lungs easier

pneumonia

What is this?

What does it allow for?

Which predisposes the animal to what?

exudate

proteolytic enzymes

bronchial smooth muscle & cartilage

In bronchiectasis, _______ accumulates in bronchi, and ___________________ released from phagocytes weaken _____________ and ______________ leading to permanent dilation.

cool

All that before was about BRONCHI, now we're talking about BRONCHIOLES.

Cool?

more, impact site for inhaled agents (increased exposure), metabolic activity from club cells, PAMs and Leukocytes accumulate here

Is the Bronchiolar epithelium more or less sensitive to injury by viruses, bacteria, toxins and oxidant gases?

Why?

bronchiolitis obliterans

___________________: a fibrotic process that occludes airways and causes permanent scarring of the lungs, specifically from severe injury to the bronchioles

trick question, they are not normally present in bronchioles

Are the goblet cells within the bronchioles more or less susceptible to goblet cell hyperplasia?

yeahhh, the increased mucus can still lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema and atelectasis.

So... if there aren't goblet cells in the bronchioles... are the bronchioles still affected by goblet cell hyperplasia?

exudate & fibrin

bronchiolar wall

mucus

In the bronchioles during bronchiolitis obliterans, accumulations of _______ and _________in the bronchiole cause excessive damage of the ___________ and Goblet cell hyperplasia produces excess __________.

collapses

fibroblasts

granulation tissue

In bronchiolitis obliterans, as the exudate increases in the bronchioles, the affected bronchiole _________ resulting in complete obstruction.

Eventually, the obstructed bronchiole is infiltrated by __________ that progresses to form ________________.

Recurrent airway obstruction, heaves, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

What is the classic example of bronchi and bronchiolar disease in horses?

Also referred to as ________ or _____________________.

small airways are hyper-responsive to allergens

In heaves, whats... happening?

Chronic cough, poor performance, respiratory distress

What are the clinical signs of recurrent airway obstruction

alveolar emphysema, metaplasia, hyperplasia, mucus, eosinophils

Lesions surrounding recurrent airway obstruction:

Chronic bronchiolitis with _________________.

Goblet cell _________, smooth muscle ___________ and _________ plugging of bronchioles.

___________ may be present due to preposed allergic etiology.