AP Bio Unit 1 (copy)

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Elements

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From Princeton Review Book

57 Terms

1

Elements

substances that connot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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2

isotopes

when some atoms have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons

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3

compound

when two or more individual elements are combined in a fixed ratio

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4

ionic bond

formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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5

ions

charged forms of an atom

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6

covalent bonds

formed when electrons are shared between atoms

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7

nonpolar covalent

Covalent bond when electrons are shared equally between atoms

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8

polar covalent

Covalent bond when electrons are shared unequally

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9

polar

molecules that have partially positive and partially negative charges

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10

hydrogen bonds

weak molecular interaction that results when a Hydrogen atom is bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine, creating a very polar covalent bond

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11

cohesion

the ability of water molecules sticking to each other

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12

transpiration

when water molecules evaporate from a leaf, pulling on neighboring water molecules drawing up the molecules enabling water to move up the stem

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13

adhesion

water molecules sticking to other substances

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14

capillary action

when cohesion and adhesion occurs in thin vessels

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15

acidic solution

when it contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+)

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16

basic solution

when it contains a lot of hydroxide ions (OH-)

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17

alkaline

a basic solution

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18

pH scale

a scale that is numbered from 1 to 14 measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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19

acidic range on the pH scale

less than 7

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20

basic range on the pH scale

greater than 7

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21

neutral pH range

7

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22

organic compounds

molecules that contain carbon and oxygen

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23

inorganic compounds

molecules that do not contain carbon molecules

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24

polymers

Large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers

Ex. proteins

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25

monomers

building blocks of polymers

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26

dehydration synthesis

when a water molecule is lost and a larger compound is formed

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27

hydrolysis

when water breaks the bond between the two monomers

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28

Carbohydrates

organic compounds that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

CHO

They are the primary energy source for life

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29

monosaccharides

one sugar

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30

disaccharides

two sugars

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31

polysaccharides

many sugars

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32

glycosidic linkage

when two monosaccharides are joined

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33

Proteins

organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms

perform most of the work in you cells

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34

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

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35

four important parts of an amino acid

  1. amino group (NH2)

  2. Carboxyl group (COOH)

  3. Hydrogen

  4. R-group

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36

hydrophobic

non-polar and uncharged molecules that don’t like water

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37

hydrophilic

polar and uncharged molecules that like water

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38

dipeptide

name of molecule when two amino acids join

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39

peptide bond

when two amino acids bond

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40

polypeptide

when a group of amino acids joins together in a string

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41

Tertiary structure

when a polypeptide chain twists and folds on itself forming a three-dimensional structure

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42

primary structure

when the amino acids are in a linear sequence

<p>when the amino acids are in a linear sequence</p>
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43

secondary structure

when the polypeptide forms either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet

<p>when the polypeptide forms either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet</p>
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44

tertiary structure

when the polypeptide reshapes so that the r-groups interact with each other

<p>when the polypeptide reshapes so that the r-groups interact with each other</p>
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45

quaternary structures

when different polypeptide chains interact with each other

<p>when different polypeptide chains interact with each other</p>
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46

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

proteins involved in the folding of other proteins that help it fold properly and make the process more efficient

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47

Lipids

organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus

function as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage and insulation, and signaling molecules

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48

saturated fatty acid

a fatty acid with hydrogens along its long carbon chain, no double bonds

<p>a fatty acid with hydrogens along its long carbon chain, no double bonds</p>
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49

unsaturated fatty acids

when there is a double bond in the chain so not all carbons have two hydrogens

<p>when there is a double bond in the chain so not all carbons have two hydrogens</p>
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50

phospholipids

lipids that contain two fatty acid" “tails” and one negatively charged phosphate “head”

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51

amphipathic molecule

a molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

Ex. phospholipids

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52

Cholesterol

a four-ringed molecule that is found here and there in a membrane

type of lipid, increases membrane fluidity except at high temperatures when it helps to hold things together instead

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53

Nucleic Acid

an organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

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54

Nucleic Acid

Macromolecule that transmits and stores genetic information

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55

nucleotides

make up nucleic acids

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56

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

a polymer of nucleic acids that contains the hereditary “blueprints” for all life

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57

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

a polymer of nucleic acids that is essential for protein synthesis

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