D337 - Internet of Things (IoT) and Infrastructure

1st wave of IoT

Hardware breakthrough that aimed to connect everyday objects to a network

2nd wave of IoT

Developing new types of sensors and new technologies and protocols to support their deployment

3rd wave of IoT

Data collection, processing, and security

IoT ecosystem

Set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationship between them

Information provider

Owners of sensor deployments.

Collects and makes data available to others without giving up ownership rights of the information.

They also build dedicated services or applications.

Platform provider

Provides computing and storage infrastructure, analytics as well as AI capabilities

Application developers

Produce applications that process the available data within a specific context to produce actionable insight for end users.

End users

Private persons or institutional decision makers that use information and applications provided by other stakeholders

Cybersecurity

Practice of protecting information systems, networks, data and programs

Cyberspace

Network of hundreds of thousands of interconnected computers, servers, routers, switches and fiber optic cables that allow vital infrastructures to work

Digital

Technologies that generate, store and process data as fixed numbers; binary digits or bits in the form of 0's and 1's

Information systems

Combinations of hardware, software and networks that are integrated together to collect, process, store and distribute data

Information broker

Module used to store IoT data received from sensors or from the cloud

Internet

Global network of wired and wireless networks

Web

Information space consisting of a number of public resources that are linked together and made accessible via the internet

Cyber terrorists

Uses cyberspace to disrupt critical infrastructures to elicit widespread panic and loss of public confidence in the ability of government to function effectively, such as by interrupting critical infrastructure

Consumer IoT

All the user's networks around their personal and home devices

Industrial IoT

Machines, computers and people enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for transformation business outcomes

Internet of Bodies (IoB)

Connected devices that monitor the human body, collect physiological, biometric, or behavioral data and exchange information of a wireless or hybrid network. Can be implanted, swallowed or worn.

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

Short-distance network that allows multiple devices within a small area to connect to each other.

Examples of a WPAN are Bluetooth and Zigbee.

Sensors

Devices that respond to inputs from the physical environment and use those inputs for decision-making by displaying the inputs, transmitting them for additional processing, or using them in conjunction with artificial intelligence

Sensor data

Measurements of some physical property. Data has values, a time and location. There are fixed and mobile sensors.

Actuator

Device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity such as movement, force, or sound

IoT devices

Simple networked devices such as sensors and actuators that are installed close to the data source or control interfaces. Usually connected via 3G, 4G, 5G, Wi-Fi, PCIe, USB or Ethernet within an edge computing application scenario.

Edge processing

A process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device

Access network

Part of a network which is concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge device to a backhaul network

Gateway

Building block used to move collected data (from sensors) to the central IoT platform.

LPWAN (Low Power Wireless Area Network )

Lower than 1 GHz, 868 MHz in EU called ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medicine) band,

USA 915 MHz

Several techs that use this band are Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and Weightless

LPWANs have lower data rates compared to normal cellular ones

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

Group of collocated computers or other devices that form a network based on radio transmissions rather than wired connections

What are the 4 things to consider when choosing IoT connectivity?

Data rate, power availability, range, cost

customer edge device

Devices that receive data from and send commands to IoT devices.

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)

Computer node that focuses on data aggregation, compression and transformation. The ___ server may suffer from resource limitation.

Centralized IoT platform

Powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases such as data interoperability and uniform data access. Handles management of IoT devices for remote management.

UNB (Ultra-Narrow Band)

Systems transmit the signal in a small amount of spectrum, usually less than 1 kHz, and are particularly suitable for small amounts of data

Spread spectrum

Technique in which the signal is transmitted on a bandwidth that is much bigger than the original frequency to decrease interference and increase security

LoRaWAN

based on LoRa protocol from Semtech.

is asynchronous and uses Spread spectrum.

Suitable for dense deployments such as buildings or cities.

Zigbee

Short-ranged network with meshing

SigFox

Named for company that owns it.

Used in Narrowband (200 kHz)

Suitable for dense deployments such as buildings or cities.

Weightless

Consists of three protocols, works on 2.4

Narrow band Internet of Things (NB-IoT or LTE-M2)

Designed to be lower power consumption, increase system capacity, spectrum efficiency, and range

LTE-M

LTE chips built for IoT, higher throughput and lower battery life than NB-IoT

Extended coverage

IoT-optimized GSM network, deployed with software upgrade

URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication)

Mission critical use cases where low latency is vital such as industrial automation, remote surgery, traffic safety and control, autonomous vehicles.

mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications)

To support huge number of devices in future such as smart homes/buildings, smart agriculture and asset tracking. Dense deployment.

C-PEC (Customer Premises Edge Compute)

Computing devices installed on the customer's premises adjacent to their sensors, LAN, or IoT devices

CSP

Communications Service Provider

IoT Runtime Environment (IRE)

Provides additional functionality beyond the container management level that enables remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints, allows specific applications to be chained together, enabling data to be transforms, contextualized, and communicated to other systems

Device management

Areas of initial device configuration and on-going management

Secure Runtime Environment

Component represents a comprehensive collection of tools that reduce the attack space through measures such as identity access management (IAM), secure boot, device attestation, TPMs, and trusted execution environments (TEEs)

NodeJS

Javascript for servers

Node-RED

Built on NodeJS, flow-based development tool meant for IoT

Protocol adapter

Protocol specific module enabling the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format

Rules Engine

Module to route the incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules

Use case specific

Module that is produced by a developer to perform a specialist function

Management and Security

Module that allows registration of the IoT device to the system and manages modules and configuration, handles security features

Information consumer

Builds apps that use data from various sources after obtaining consent to use data

HyperCat

Specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies, uses JSON and URI

DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary)

A W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues, specifies a resource description framework (RDF)

What are the 3 main aspects of interoperability?

Discovery, access control, and usage

Interoperability

The ability of computer systems or software to exchange and make use of information

Discovery

Where information is distributed across a large number of aggregators (IoT platforms), it is necessary to first identify which aggregators contain information of interest and afterwards find specific data sets

Access control

In the more open environment of the IoT, a provider of information generally does not know all potential consumers of its data. Facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access should therefore be provided by an IoT platform.

Data access

The primary aim of the ____ ______ platform is to reduce the technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information in which they have a shared interest.

Metadata

Set of data that describes and presents information about other data. Metadata is a child set of data provided within an initial query of parent data

Dataset

Key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor

Journeys

This is closely related to the sensor data type, grouping sets of measurements appropriately. Representing the track followed by a bus or bicycle is an example of this.

Geographical features

Represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata

Situations

Includes an aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation. It is relevant to a time period and some specified locations

Batch processing

Process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them at a later time, which is defined by criteria such as size or age

Stream processing

Process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window

These are the 5 main operations performed on streaming data:

1. Compression

2. Dimensionality reduction

3. Summarization

4. Learning and Mining

5. Visualization

Compression

Set of operations that can be done on the data to reduce the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting

Dimensionality reduction

Set of techniques that reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration

Summarization

Process of transforming the data in order to provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration

Learning and mining

Learning refers to methods that automate model building from recorded data.

Mining involves using models to extract insights and understand large datasets that are otherwise impossible to analyze

Visualization

Methods that transform the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer

Flink

2nd generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling

Lambda architecture

Supports both stream and batch functionalities, provides both accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results

In Kappa architecture, the __________ layer is not present and all data are processed exclusively as streams

batch

Stream analytics

Important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum, with relatively low cost sensors

Spectrum Streamer

Streaming architecture and an open source library used to ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real time

Real-time notifications

Detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices that a transmission is happening in a certain channel

Statistical reporting

References a report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events, primarily targeting human users for report generation

Return on Investment (ROI)

Performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or to compare the efficiency of a number of different investments

Security Operations Center (SOC)

Centralized function within an organization employing people, processes, and technology to continuously monitor and improve an organization's security posture while preventing, detecting, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)

Nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments.

Founded by ATT, Cisco, General Electric, Intel, and IBM in 2014 to bring together organizations and technologies to promote best practice for IoT systems

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA)

Standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial IoT

Alliance for IoT Innovation

Initiated by the European Commission in 2015. The objective of the association was to enhance innovation and economic development in the IoT in Europe.

internet of things security foundation

Collaborative, nonprofit, international responses to the complex challenges posed by cybersecurity in the expansive hyper-connected IoT world

Containerization

Reduces resource usage over hypervisor-based virtualization.

EdgeX Foundry

Open-sourced project that defines a similar IoT framework, has on-board storage, rules engines, protocol adapter and information distribution to clouds and other modules.

IoT Ecosystems

A single IoT platform supports an ecosystem of participants with shared interests in a certain set of sensors, actuators and related information.

NGSI-9

Context Entity Discovery

NGSI-10

Context Information

Object segmentation

Find groups of pixels and features that belong to a given object or element of interest.

RDF

Describes resources on the Web or in a semantic graph database, made to be understood by computers, not people.

SWoT (Semantic Web of Things)

Hybrid of SW principles are used in an IoT context. It was developed to achieve semantic interoperability in IoT networks

Human in the Loop (HITL)

Refers to a systems architecture that meets one of the following criteria:

Human interaction is a fundamental part of the workflow, it cannot be fully automated

Creation of a loop between machine output and human input and vice versa (meaning it can be automated).

Spatial Crowdsourcing

When a crowdsourcing task requires the presence at a particular location, also geospatial task

Citizen sensing

Its a form of crowdsourcing that focuses on a specific type of activity.