AP Psych - Unit 6 Vocab

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26 Terms

1

observational learning

learning by observing others (AKA social learning)

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2

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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3

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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4

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses

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5

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

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6

positive reinforcer

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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7

negative reinforcer

increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (NOT punishment)

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8

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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9

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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10

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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11

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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12

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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13

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

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14

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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15

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

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16

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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17

learned helplessness

the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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18

Habituation

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

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19

Insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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20

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

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21

operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (AKA a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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22

UR

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. unconditioned response

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23

US

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response. unconditioned stimulus

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24

CS

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. conditioned stimulus

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25

CR

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). conditioned response

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26

Punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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