AP Psychology Unit 6 Flashcards

Continuity versus discontinuity

Continuity versus discontinuity

deals with question whether development is gradual and to death-continuity or sequence of distinct stages-discontinuity

stability versus change

deals with issue of wether or not personaliity traits buring infancy endure thoughout the life span.

longitudinal study

follows the same group of people over a period from months to many years.need long time , typically lose participants over time by which study may not be generalizable to original population

cross-sectional study

cost less, don’t lose participants

cohort

group of people in one age group

cohort effect

the cohort effect refers to differences in outcomes or characteristics between groups of people based on when they were born or lived through similar experiences. In simpler terms, it's how people who grew up in different time periods may have different traits or behaviors due to the unique historical events or cultural influences they were exposed to during their formative years.

cohort-sequential studies

Cohort-sequential studies are research projects that combine elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In simpler terms, they involve studying multiple groups of people (cohorts) over time, allowing researchers to compare different age groups while also tracking individual changes within each cohort.

reprospective studies

case studies that investigate development in one person at a time.researcher interviews an individual at the older end of the age span.

prenatal development

begins with fertilization or conception and ends with birth.

teratogens

Chemicals such as alcohol, drugs, tobacco, the cause birth defects are called teratogens

Feta alcohol syndrome (FAS)

cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies of mothers who drink alcoholic beverages during pragnancy-low intelligence,small head, flat face,flat nose, thin upper lip

neonates

newborn babies

rooting

neonate’s response of turning their head whn touches on the cheek, and they try to put stimulus into their mouth.

sucking

automatic response of drawing in anything at the mouth

swallowing

is a contraction of the throat muscles that enables food to past into the esophagus without neonate choking

grasping reflex

when infant closes their fingers tightly around an object.

Moro/startle reflex

loud noise or sudden drop causes the neonate to automatically arch his or her back,fling their limbs out.

piaget schemas

all knowledge begins with building blocks called schemas, mental representation that organize and categorize information processed

assimilation piaget

through asssimilation we fit new information into our existing schemas

accommodation piaget

we modify our schemas to fit new infromation

piaget stages of cognitive development

birth-2years sensori motor (experience the world though senses-also have object permanence and stranger anxiety)

2-7 years preoperational(sees the world with language and mental images, view point is egocentic,logic is lacking)

7-11 years concete operational(can think logically achives conservation of number mass and weight)

12 to adult formal operationa( achives abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking)

animism

belif that all things are living just like him - 2-7 years of piaget preoperational

artificialism

belif that all objects are made by people 2-7 preoperational piaget

Conservation concepts

in which changes in the form of an object do not alter physical properties of mass, volume, and number.

internalization

absorbing information from a specified social environmental context Les Vygostky.children leadern from observing

Zone of proximal development

the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children.

lawrence kholber

moral thinking. steal drug for sick wife

preconventional

they do right thing to avoid punishment stage 1 or to futher theri self-interest stage 2

conventional

they follow rule to live up expectations of others. good girl/good boy( stage 3) or to maintain law and order ( stage 4)

postconventional

At stage 5, people focus on agreements that benefit society as a whole, like following rules and laws. At stage 6, they prioritize fairness and justice, even if it means going against societal norms.

harry harlow

experimental research with monkeys -attachment

secure attachment

when babies left were playing happily, and when their mother came back they were happy to see them

insecure attachemnt

ignored mom when present when left they got angry and rejected them

social referencing

Social references are cues or signals from others in a social situation that guide our behavior or understanding of the situation. These references can include verbal cues, body language, or social norms that indicate how we should behave or interpret a situation based on the behavior of others.

authoritarian

set up strict rules, punish wrongdoing.

authoritative

sets limits but explain the reasons fro rules with their children and make exceptions when appropriate

permissive

parent tend to not set firm guidelines if they set any at all. more responsve then demanding

uninvolved

set few demands ,show low responsivness and communicate little with their children

Eriksons stage theory of psyhchosocial development

stage one of erik eriksons stage

infants (newborn to age of 1) face trust vs mistrust.parents must provide a safe, loving environment for children

stage 2 of erik eriksons stage

2 yeas old face autonomy vs shame and doubt.childrens need to develop self-control and do things for themselves

stage 3 of erik eriksons stage

3-5 face initiative vs guilt.children need to learn to make plans and carry out tasks though play,asking questions making choices.if they are criticized they feel guilty

stage 4 erik eriksons stage

6-12 face industry vs inferiority. children need to be positivly reinforced for productive activities.such as achiving in classroom or sports.if they are not they have poor self-concept

stage 5 of erik eriksons stage

12-20 identity vs role confusion. who am i? peer relationships become much more important.failure of teens to achive a sense of identity results in role confuion and uncertainty about who they are and where they are going

stage 6 of erik eriksons stage

21-40 intimacy vs isolation.without deep caring about others and life partner people feel alone and undcared for life they feel isolation

stage 7 of erik eriksons stage

40-65 generativity vs stagnation.adults need to express their caring about next future generations. people who fail to achive generativity can become stagnant and preoccupied with their own needs

stage 8 of erik eriksons stage

65-death. intergrity vs depair. those who look back on their lives with satifaction and whose who have regrets

gender schema

theory says that children form a schema of gender that filters their perceptions of the world according to what is appropriate for males and what is appropriate for females.

Androgyny

the presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual.