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Culture
a way of life in a society
Beliefs
what people hold to be true
Values
standards shared by members of a culture
Norms
the behavior that societies expect of their members in situations
Social interaction
any situation in which people interact with each other
Customs
norms in society that are widely accepted and carry on over a long time
Laws
rules given by the government
Status
position someone has in society (eg. daughter, student, teacher)
Role
patterns of behavior expected because of someone's status in society
Social institutions
parts of society with their own set of norms and values
Social identity
people's perception of themselves based on how people see them
Gender
roles associated with being male or female
Stereotype
attributes that people characterize with a group
Social control
ways in which members are made to conform to norms (eg. sanctions and rewards)
Sanctions
ways of punishing people who don't conform to norms
Rewards
positive sanctions praising someone so they continue to conform to norms
Sub-culture
a group within a larger culture that has its norms and values
Youth sub-culture
sub-culture of young adults, based on style, music taste, and dress.
Value consensus
general agreement across society about values
Social conformity
acting by norms and values.
Informal social control
ways of controlling behavior imposed by people who do not have a formal role.
Peer group
people of the same age
Ostracism
excluding someone
Formal social control
control imposed by a person with the formal role (teacher, officer)
Agencies of socialization
institutions where people are socialized
Primary socialisation
a period of socialisation in which an individual learns the norms.
Secondary socialization
later socialisation involving more specific norms and statuses.
Hidden curriculum
what people learn in school apart from the content in the lessons.
Peer pressure
influence a peer group has to persuade members to conform
Coercion
use or threat of violence
Social order
ways in which societies and institutions remain stable over time.
Globalization
the growing interconnectedness of cultures around the world
Global culture
as a result of globalization there is or will be a single culture shared by people worldwide.
Diversity
where there are many differences between human cultures.
Lifestyle
Way of life of a culture
Cultural relativism
considering all cultures from their point of view and not judging
them
Multicultural society
a society where many cultures exist alongside each other
Social construction
the idea that events are constructed by societies and do not exist on their own
Imitation
young children copying behaviour of others
Role model
someone who acts as an example whos behaviour is copied by others
Sex
male or female
Manipulation
How parents encourage behaviour and discourage other behaviour
Canalisation
pushing children towards activities deemed appropriate for them. (eg. cause of gender)
Verbal appellations
ways which parents address children. (boys may be handsome and girls pretty)
Social class
form in which people are grouped in different levels at social hierarchy.
Inadequate socialisation
when socialisation is ineffective
Feral children
‘wild’ children who have not been socialised.
