Bio 101 Chapter 16

macroevolution

these are changes in a population over a very long period of time

speciation

this is the splitting of one species into two or more new species due to changes in the gene pool and genetic divergance of two populations; based on microevolutionary prinicples, the changes accumulate and population undergoes speciation (different from other members of its species); species originate, adapt to their environment, and the may become extinct

species

this is a group of individuals that interbredd and produce viable offspring and have are shared gene pool; not based on appearance

gene flow

this occurs between populations of a species but not between populations of a different species

common ancestor

category of classification below rank of genus; species in the same genus share a recent ______ ________; single ancestor shared by two or more different groups

isolating mechanisms

these are reproducive barriers; are mechanisms that prevent successful reproduction (producing fertile offspring) from occurring

prezygotic

this is a reproductive barrier; before formation of a zygote, prevent mating attempts or a successful outcome if mating does take place; no zygote is ever formed

postzygotic

this is a reproductive barrier; after formation of a zygote, prevent any hybrid offspring that may result from reproducing successfully

reproductive barriers

isolating mechanisms, prezygotic, and postzygotic are all examples of _____________ ________

habitat isolation

this is a prezygotic isolating mechanisms; occurs before mating (pre-mating); different flycatcher species don't mate because they live in differet habitats; red maple and sugar maple don't mate because they live in different habitats

temporal isolation

this is a prezygotic isolating mechanism; occurs before mating (pre-mating); many frog species live in the same region but don't mate because breeding seasons (and sites) differ

behavioral isolation

this is a prezygotic isolating mechanism; occurs before mating (pre-mating); courtship patterns allow males and females of one species to reconginze each other; fireflies recognize flahses, moths recognize phermones, blue-footed boobies have elaborate species-specific displays

mechanical isolation

this is a prezygotic isolating mechanisms; occurs during mating; animal genitalia or plant flower structures are incompatible, so reproduction can't occur; some flowers' pollen is inaccessible to some pollinators; male dragonflies have claspers to hold only the females of their own species

gamete isolation

this is a prezygotic isolating mechanism; occurs during mating; even if gametes meet, they may not form a zygote; sperm of one species may not survive in another species or egg receptors may not match; pollen grains of one plant species may not germinate in another species

zygote mortality

this is a postzygotic isolating mechanism; occurs after fertilization; hybird zygote may not be viable, so it dies; may have two different chromosome sets the don't match up or incompatible instructions for developmental from mom and dad

hybrid sterility

this is a postzygotic isolating mechanism; occurs after fertilization; hybrid zygote may develope, but is sterile as an adult; horse and donkey can produce viable hybrid, but this offspring cannot successfully reproduce (mule); cabbage and radish produce a hybrid, but it is sterile as well

allopatric

this is a speciation model based on geographic isolation

sympatric

this is a speciatio model based on how populations develop into two or more reproductively isolated groups without prior geographic isolation; found among plant (chromosome numbers can vary and result in new species)

adaptive radiation

this is when new species rapidly evolve from a single common ancestral species as populations move into new ecological or geographical zones

taxonomy

this is the identifying, naming, and classifying of organisms; linnaean classifcation; bionomial system (genus and specific epithet): naming rules (genus capitalized, italics, genus can be abbreviated

Linnaean Classification

the higher the category, the most inclusive; (most inclusive) domain, supergroup, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (least inclusive)

Carl Linnaeus

the father of taxonomy

homologous structures

these are structures that are related to each other through common descent (ex. forelimbs of vertebrates)

analogous structures

these are structures with smae function but no recent common ancestor

convergent evolution

this is the acquisition of the same or similar traits in distantly related lines due to adaptations to the same environment

DNA

the more closely related species are, the most similar their ___; ribosomal RNA changes little and can be reliable indicator

domain bacteria

is one of the three domains; arose first; prokaryotic cells

domain archaea

is one of the three domains; arose next (after domain bacteria); prokaryotic cells

domain eukarya

is one of the three domains; last to evolve; eukaryotic cells; kingdoms for protists, plants, fungi, and animals

fossil record

this provides a history of macroevolution and mass extinction events during the history of life on Earth

systematics

this is the science of studying the evolutionary history of a spcies, while taxonomy involves naming and classifying the species