chapter 9 animal physiology

Which of the following components is essential for a circulatory system? a. fluid b. pump-organ c. vessels d. cells e. all of these

E all of these

The hematocrit is a. packed hemocytes in hemolymph b. packed red blood cells only c. packed white blood cells only d. total packed cell volume of blood e. total oxygen volume in blood

D total packed cell volume of blood

Plasma proteins constitute about ___ percent of plasma by weight a. 8–10 b. 6–8 c. 4–6 d. 1–4

B 6–8

The dominant inorganic cation in blood is a. Na⁺ b. Cl⁻ c. K⁺ d. HCO₃⁻ e. Ca²⁺

A Na⁺

Antibodies are a. α-globulins b. β-globulins c. γ-globulins

C γ-globulins

Which of the following does NOT contain cholesterol? a. chylomicrons b. HDL c. LDL d. VLDL e. all contain cholesterol

E all contain cholesterol

Both insects and vertebrates have ___ in their circulatory fluid a. chylomicrons b. HDL c. LDL d. HDL and LDL e. all of these

D HDL and LDL

Erythrocytes transport CO₂ by a. carbonic anhydrase b. hemoglobin binds CO₂ to iron c. hemoglobin binds CO₂ to protein d. a + iron binding e. a + protein binding

E carbonic anhydrase + binding to protein portion

Old erythrocytes are destroyed in the ___ and replaced from ___ in the ___ a. spleen; pluripotent stem cells; red marrow b. spleen; embryonic stem cells; red marrow c. red marrow; pluripotent stem cells; spleen d. red marrow; embryonic stem cells; spleen e. liver; pluripotent stem cells; red marrow

A spleen; pluripotent stem cells; red marrow

The hormone secreted by kidneys in response to low oxygen is a. renin b. angiotensin c. erythropoietin d. aldosterone e. thrombopoietin

C erythropoietin

___ is the arrest of bleeding from a broken vessel a. hemostasis b. homeostasis c. homeopathy d. homeotics e. none

A hemostasis

Vascular spasm minimizes blood loss by a. slowing flow by constriction b. pressing vessel surfaces together c. slowing flow via sympathetic stimulation d. two of these e. all of these

E all of these

ADP reduces blood flow by a. keeping vessels contracted b. making endothelial cells sticky c. making platelets sticky d. increasing fibrinogen release e. all

C making platelets sticky

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by a. factor XIII b. prothrombin c. thrombin d. factor X e. PF3

C thrombin

Clot dissolution occurs via a. plasmin b. thrombin c. fibrinogen d. factor XII e. factor X

A plasmin

Grasshopper blood during activity is pumped by a. flagella b. extrinsic c. peristaltic muscle d. chamber muscle e. none

B extrinsic

In cartilaginous fish blood enters ___ and exits via ___ a. right atrium; left ventricle b. sinus venosus; conus arteriosus c. sinus arteriosus; conus venosus d. sinus venosus; bulbus arteriosus e. sinus arteriosus; bulbus venosus

B sinus venosus; conus arteriosus

Major vertebrate heart change occurred when a. whales returned to ocean b. birds evolved flight c. reptiles moved to land d. air-breathing fish evolved e. amphibians moved to land

D air-breathing fish evolved

Brisket disease a. edema after altitude change b. horse disease c. right atrium overfills d. none

A development of edema after altitude change

Veins are vessels that a. carry deoxygenated blood b. connect capillaries c. return blood to heart d. carry oxygenated blood e. carry blood away

C return blood to heart

Which heart side is stronger? a. left b. right c. left pumps more volume d. right pumps more volume e. none

A left side

Which is NOT true? a. cnidarians circulate fluid b. open vs closed is clear-cut c. internal fluid exists d. capillary fluid similar to hemolymph e. closed systems needed for large organisms

B differences are clear-cut

Middle muscular layer of heart is a. endocardium b. myocardium c. myometrium d. endometrium e. myoma

B myocardium

Which is NOT true about desmosomes? a. hold cells together b. in intercalated discs c. in vertebrate hearts d. conduct impulses e. all true

D conduct electrical impulses

Electrical discontinuity is solved by a. AV node b. ectopic pacemaker c. vagus nerve d. bundle of His e. Purkinje fibers

D bundle of His

Plateau phase ions are a. Na⁺ + Cl⁻ b. Na⁺ + K⁺ c. K⁺ + Cl⁻ d. Ca²⁺ + Na⁺ e. Ca²⁺ + K⁺

E Ca²⁺ and K⁺

Main pacemaker is a. AV node b. SA node c. Purkinje fibers d. node of Ranvier e. bundle fibers

B sinoatrial node

Increased heart rate involves a. ↑ Ca²⁺ channels b. ↑ K⁺ efflux c. ↑ Na⁺ entry d. ↑ K⁺ exit e. ↑ Na⁺ + K⁺

C increased Na⁺ entry

P wave represents a. atrial contraction b. ventricular contraction c. ventricular depolarization d. atrial depolarization e. ventricular repolarization

D atrial depolarization

Why no atrial repolarization wave? a. too small b. too fast c. masked by QRS d. none

C masked by QRS complex

AV valves close due to a. atrial pressure higher b. ventricular pressure higher c. arterial pressure higher d. vena cava pressure e. muscle contraction

B higher ventricular pressure

Ventricular systole includes a. isometric + ejection b. isovolumetric + ejection c. isometric + ESV d. isovolumetric + ESV e. none

B isovolumetric contraction and ejection

Stroke volume is a. atrial filling b. ejected blood c. EDV − ESV d. vena cava flow e. none

C EDV − ESV

Cardiac output is a. HR × SV b. HR + SV c. only HR d. only SV e. none

A heart rate × stroke volume

NOT true about sympathetic stimulation a. ↑ SA rate b. ↑ AV excitability c. stronger contraction d. ↑ venous return e. none

E none of these

Parasympathetic stimulation a. ↑ venous return b. affects ventricular conduction c. ↑ cross-bridges d. ↑ contraction strength e. none

E none of these

Venous return & EDV relate to a. endocrine b. nervous c. extrinsic d. intrinsic e. sympathetic

D intrinsic

Local arteriole adjustment caused by a. ↓ O₂ b. ↑ K⁺ c. ↑ O₂ d. ↑ acid e. all

E all of these

Venous return affected by a. cardiac suction b. respiratory pump c. skeletal pump d. none e. all

E all of these

What decreases with exercise? a. venous return b. mean arterial pressure c. peripheral resistance d. brain flow e. none

C peripheral resistance