APUSH Review

Flashcards for vocabulary review.

Southwest Indigenous Tribes

Arid, dry, rocky region where maize/corn was first introduced and irrigation systems were developed.

Great Basin Indigenous Tribes

Rocky mountains, plateaus with limited water; tribes living off the land (berries), some settled, some nomadic.

Northwest Indigenous Tribes

Settled lifestyle due to forested land and coastal access; fishing-based diet, timber used in culture (totem poles).

Eastern Woodlands Indigenous Tribes (Manbuilder Lifestyle)

Tribes that develop complex societies near rivers that acted as highways/trade networks.

Animism

The belief that nonhuman things (animals, plants) possess a spiritual essence.

Mercantilism

Economic system where European nations tried getting gold and silver by monopolizing and controlling markets (e.g., tobacco).

Conversion of Indigenous Tribes by Spain

Spain's system of setting up missions and missionaries to convert indigenous tribes to Catholicism.

Three Sisters

Corn, beans, squash.

Columbian Exchange

The process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced from Europe, Asia, and Africa to the Americas and vice versa.

Encomienda System

A Spanish labor system in the Americas where Spanish colonists were granted the right to demand labor from indigenous people in exchange for protection and conversion to Christianity.

Spanish Caste System

Hierarchical social structure in Spanish colonial America, where individuals were classified based on their racial ancestry.

Asiento System

Spanish paid a tax to the king on each slave imported.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Established basis of self-government in the colonies; agreement established a basic government based upon majority rule.

Subsistence Farming

Farming for your own survival.

Indentured Servants

Individuals who agreed to a contract, typically for a set period of time (often 4-7 years), to work for another person in exchange for their passage to a new country.

House of Burgesses

(The first democratically elected legislative body in the British American colonies, established in Virginia)

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

A significant uprising in the Virginia colony from 1676 to 1677, primarily led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley.

Quakers

Christian denomination that emphasizes direct experience of God, simplicity, peace, and social justice.

Puritans

Religious group that emerged in England during the 16th and 17th centuries, seeking to "purify" the Church of England by eliminating Catholic practices and emphasizing a stricter moral code.

Headright System

Paid for a plot of land in the colonies in exchange for the payment of your own or someone else’s trip.

Rhode Island

Religious tolerance and democratic governance.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

A successful uprising by various Pueblo Native American groups against Spanish colonization in what is now New Mexico; triggered by religious persecution and mistreatment.

King Phillips (Metacom's) War (1675-1676)

New England colonists in conflict with Indian Americans; Metacom, a tribal leader, gathered many tribes to band together as the last attempted to resist English authority but lost.

Pennsylvania as a "Holy Experiment"

Aimed to create a colony with religious freedom, equality, and peace; welcomed Quakers, Catholics, Jews, and other persecuted groups.

Trans-Atlantic Trade

the complex system of exchange between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, centered around goods, people, and ideas

Protestants

Members of Christian churches that split from the Roman Catholic Church

First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

A Protestant revival (Protestants: Members of Christian churches that split from the Roman Catholic Church)

Popular Sovereignty

Power of the government game from the governed

Mercantilism

Colonies exist for the mother country.

Triangular Trade

Trade routes that connected Europe, the Americas, and Africa during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries.

Anglicization

Colonies adopted English customs and norms.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

A major armed conflict between Native American tribes and the British following the French and Indian War (1754-1763).

Proclamation of 1763

No Settlement West Of Appalachian Mountains, Belongs to Native Americans

Albany Plan of Union

attempted to unify colonies against France

Stamp Act (1765)

Direct tax on various printed materials

Sugar Act (1764)

Imposed duties on sugar, molasses, and other goods, including foreign refined sugar and rum.

Townshend Act (1764)

A series of British laws passed in 1767, aimed to raise revenue from the American colonies and assert British authority. They imposed duties on imported goods like glass, lead, paint, and tea.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

A series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. (quartering act)

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended boundary of Quebec to Ohio River Valley, establishes Catholicism as the official religion

Boston Massacre (1770)

A violent confrontation on March 5, 1770, where British soldiers fired upon a crowd of colonists, resulting in the deaths of five civilians

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonial defiance over Great Britain. threw a bunch of tea overboard

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Encourage independence from British rule; how can an island rule over a continent.

First Continental Congress

a meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen British colonies held in 1774 in Philadelphia, primarily to address the Intolerable Acts imposed by the British Parliament

Lexington and Concord (1775)

Beginning of the war

Second Continental Congress (1775)

Establishing the Continental Army, drafting the Declaration of Independence, and creating the Articles of Confederation

Declaration of Independence

Formally declared the thirteen American colonies' independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

significant turning point in the American Revolution, convinced France to formally ally with the American Revolution

Treaty of Paris

Treaty ended the Revolutionary War, acknowledged the U.S as a sovereign nation

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Established a system for governing and expanding the Northwest territory and setting precedent for admission of New States into the Union

Shay’s Rebellion

Massachusetts, anger over high taxes, debtors prisons

House of Representatives

Delegates based on population per state.

Senate

Two representatives regardless of population size.

Electoral college

Process established by the US Constitution for the indirect election of the president and vice president of the United States.

Ratification Debate

Anti - Federalists argued the central government was too strong

Federalism

Maintained the importance of the states in certain issues but the Constitution was the supreme law of the land per the Supremacy Clause.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Power to make all laws that are “necessary and proper. ”

Presentment Clause

Outlines the process by which a bill passed by Congress becomes law

Jay Treaty (1794)

negotiated British exit and renewed trading partnership

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Opened New Orleans to American trade grants, rights of deposit, and settled boundary with Florida

French Revolution 1789

George Washington enacted the Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) to ensure the U.S stayed out of the war as they weren’t strong enough to fight it.

Indian Intercourse Act (1790)

Federal government takes control of all dealings with American Indians, often taking the side of white settlers.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

up rising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to a federal excise tax on whiskey. Established the power of the federal government who stopped the rebellion

XYZ Affair 1797

France asked for bribes from American diplomats to meet with foreign minister

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government

Washington’s Farewell Address

promoted national unity; worried political parties and sectionalism would hurt and divide the country

Judiciary Act of 1801

Reduced Supreme Court seats from six to five, reorganized circuit courts; adding 16 seats.

Judiciary Act of 1802

Republicans repeal Judiciary Act of 1801

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Landmark Supreme Court case establishing judicial review

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million

Market Revolution & Transportation Revolution

The U.S shifted to subsistence based economy, goods were produced primarily for U.S consumption, to a market based economy where goods were produced for sale.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806)

Commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory

Embargo Act (1807)

Banned all U.S. trade with foreign nations to pressure Britain and France to stop impressing American sailors

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces under William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s Native confederacy in Indiana

War of 1812

Useless war between the U.S and Britain and Native Americans, entered over violations over neutrality

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Treaty ended the war, no territorial gain or loss made

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

limited fortifications along the U.S Canada border

Henry Clay’s American System (1815-1840s)

Second National bank

Hartford Convention(1815)

Proposed constitutional amendments to limit federal power and protect New England interests (e.g., 2/3 vote for war declarations)

Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

Wave on unity and nationalism

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

The state of Maryland tried taxing the bank and the Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot tax a federal institution because of the Supremacy Clause

Supremacy Clause

Certain federal acts take absolute authority over state acts

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Spain ceded Florida to the United States

Missouri Compromise

Maine comes in as a free state & Missouri as a slave state

Monroe doctrine

U.S foreign policy statement that declared the Western Hemisphere closed to further European colonization

Lowell System (1815-1840s)

Often used young women as factory workers, helped grow Textile mill industry & industrialization

Erie canal (1825)

Connected the Hudson River (Albany) to Lake Erie (Buffalo)

Transcendentalism

Movement that focused on feelings, individualism, heroism, and nature

Hudson River School (1825-1870)

Movement that focused on feelings, individualism, heroism, and nature

The Second Great Awakening

A Christian revival movement that led to the growth of new denominations, renewed religious enthusiasm

Temperance Movement

End alcohol consumption

American-Anti Slave Society (1833)

Led by William Lloyd Garrison, “The LIberator” book, called for immediate freedom

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Was the first woman's rights convention issuing the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding for suffrage and equality

American Colonization Society (1817)

Aimed to address racial tensions in the U.S. while promoting abolition through voluntary relocation

Positive Good Speech (1837)

Argued that slavery was a "positive good" for both enslaved people and the South

Manifest Destiny

The U.S was destined to expand from coast to coast, move west.

Lands Gained

Oregon dispute settled with 49th parallel, Mexican Cession Gained through Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Legislation Promoting Expansion

Preemption Act (1841) // Pacific Railway Act (1862) // The Homestead Act (1862)

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Opened Japan to trade, marking the start of U.S influence in Asia

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Ends the war with Mexico, the U.S. pays $15 million for northern Mexican territories

Oregon Treaty with Britain (1846)

Dispute between the U.S. and Britain over the Oregon Territory, claimed by both countries