Developments in Dar al-Islam: Key Historical Insights

Muhammad ibn Abdullah

Founder of Islam, considered the final prophet.

Mecca

Birthplace of Muhammad and Islamic faith.

Medina

City where Muhammad established the first Muslim community.

Quran

Foundational text of Islam, revealed to Muhammad.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core practices defining Muslim faith and actions.

Profession of Faith

Declaration of belief in one God and Muhammad.

Prayer

Daily prayers facing Mecca, performed five times.

Alms

Charitable donations to the needy, a religious duty.

Fasting

Abstaining from food during daylight in Ramadan.

Pilgrimage

Journey to Mecca, obligatory for Muslims once.

Rashidun Caliphate

First caliphate following Muhammad's death (632-661 CE).

Umayyad Caliphate

Second caliphate, expanded Islamic territory (661-750 CE).

Abbasid Caliphate

Third caliphate, known for cultural and economic growth.

Islamic Golden Age

Period of cultural, scientific, and intellectual flourishing.

Baghdad

Capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, cultural center.

Commerce

Trade was vital in early Islamic culture.

Seljuk Empire

Nomadic Sunni Muslim empire, expanded into Byzantine territory.

Mamluk Sultanate

Egyptian sultanate established by former slave soldiers.

Shajar al-Durr

First female ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate.

Izz al-Din Aybak

First recognized male ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate.

Mongol Invasion

Conquest that led to the fall of Baghdad in 1258.

Crusades

Military campaigns aimed at reclaiming Christian territories.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire, faced Muslim conquests.

Sassanid Empire

Persian empire defeated by Muslim forces.

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic empire in South Asia, established after Abbasid decline.

Cultural Influence

Islamic traditions persisted despite political changes.

Trade Routes

Facilitated the spread of Islam across regions.

Islamic Conquests

Military expansions that spread Islam into new territories.

Tributary States

Regions paying tribute to the Mamluk Sultanate.

Vassal States

Regions under Mamluk control, fluctuating in loyalty.

Mamluk Trade

Facilitated trade between Europe and Asia.

Black Plague

Disease that severely impacted Mamluk economy.

Ottoman-Mamluk War

Conflict from 1485 to 1491 over spice trade.

Peace Treaty 1491

Agreement ending the Ottoman-Mamluk War stalemate.

Portuguese Empire

Rival empire affecting Mamluk trade revenues.

Mamluks in Delhi

Military slaves forming the Delhi Sultanate.

Sufism

Islamic mysticism bridging Hindu and Muslim beliefs.

Sufi Missionaries

Key figures in spreading Islam in India.

House of Wisdom

Center for learning and translation in Baghdad.

Translation Movement

Effort to translate texts into Arabic.

Cairo

Cultural center and capital of the Mamluks.

Mamluk Architecture

Distinctive architectural style from the Mamluk era.

Economic Crisis

Result of plagues and famines in the 1400s.

Maritime Battles

Conflicts between Mamluks and Portuguese (1503-1513).

Ottoman Conquest

Mamluks fell to Ottomans in 1517.

Spice Trade

Crucial economic activity contested by empires.

Mamluk Ports

Key locations for Mediterranean trade.

Famine

Food scarcity contributing to Mamluk decline.

Cultural Exchange

Trade led to sharing of ideas and goods.

Mamluk Dynasty

Ruling class of military slaves in Delhi.

Islamic Political Entities

Various states emerging during Islamic expansion.

Ibn Battuta

Famous traveler who documented extensive journeys.

Lubna of Córdoba

Accomplished poet and mathematician from Spain.

Hunayn ibn Ishaq

Leading translator of Greek medical texts.

Mongol Siege of Baghdad

Destruction of Baghdad and House of Wisdom in 1258.

Paper-making

Technique learned from Chinese prisoners of war.

Jizya

Tax on non-Muslims in Islamic empires.

Mansa Musa

Ruler who made Islam the state religion in Mali.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Pathway for the spread of Islam into West Africa.

Zheng He

Chinese Muslim explorer of the early Ming Dynasty.

Baghdad's Trade Position

Central location facilitated idea and goods exchange.

Islam in China

Introduced via trade during Tang and Song Dynasties.

Medical Advancements

Documented knowledge led to progress in medicine.

Cairo Economic Chaos

Inflation caused by Mansa Musa's gold distribution.

Abbasid Trade Routes

Facilitated movement of innovations to Europe.

Intellectual Golden Age

Era marked by knowledge accumulation and sharing.

Islam's Value on Knowledge

Encouragement to seek knowledge, even unto China.

Al-Hakam I

Caliph associated with Lubna of Córdoba.

Christian and Muslim Collaboration

Joint efforts in knowledge translation during the era.

Mamluks

Slaves not practicing Islam, Christianity, or Judaism.

Pilgrimage (Hajj)

Religious journey to Mecca, exemplified by Mansa Musa.