CSCC SOC 1101 Exam 3

patriarch/property marriage

a model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

breadwinner/homemaker marriage

a model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children

family wage

income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children

ideology of separate spheres

the idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men

heteronormative

promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior

mononormative

promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other

pro-natal

promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free

androcentrism

the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity

partnership unions

a relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

sexism

the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female

hegemonic masculinity

the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

second shift

the unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs

time-use diary

a research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours

ideal worker norm

the idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities

shared division of labor

an arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

specialized division of labor

an arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework, and the other does the inverse

ideology of intensive motherhood

the idea that children require concentrated maternal investment

feminization of poverty

a concentration of women, trans women, and LGBTW men at the bottom of the income scale, straight white men at the top

glass escalator

an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

job segregation

the sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations

androcentric pay scale

a positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees

care work

work that involves face-to-face care taking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

male flight

a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

stalled revolution

a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized

freedom/power paradox

a situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom

global care chains

a series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers

social reproduction

the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation

power elite

a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions

pluralist theory of power

the idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals

elite theory of power

the idea that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institutions

social capital

the number of people we know and the resources they can offer us

social closure

a process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others

cultural capital

symbolic resources that communicate one's social status

fit

the feeling that our particular mix of cultural capital matches our social context

ethnography

a research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction, often as a participant

field

the place or places where ethnographers conduct research

field notes

descriptive accounts of what occurred in the field, alongside tentative sociological observations

cultural hegemony

power maintained primarily by persuasion

hegemonic ideologies

shared ideas about how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions

individualism

the idea that people are independent actors responsible for themselves

collectivism

the idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group

xenophobia

prejudice against people defined as foreign

social construction of social problems

the process of coming to see a personal struggle as an issue of public concern

Insurgent consciousness

a recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action

collective action problem

the challenge of getting large groups of people to act in coordinated ways

organizational strength

a combination of strong leadership, human and material resources, social networks, and physical infrastructure

political networks

webs of ties that link people with similar political goals

political oppurtunity structure

the strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors

cultural opportunity structure

cultural ideas, objects, practices, or bodies that create or constrain activist strategies

critical events

a sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates nonactivists to become politically active

economic opportunity structure

the role of money in enabling or limiting a movement's operations and influence

interest convergence

the alignment of the interests of activists and elites

social change

shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions

collective action

the coordinated activities of members of groups with shared goals

social movement

persistent, organized collective action meant to promote or oppose social change

interdependent power

the power of noncooperation

repertoire of contention

shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions

nation-state system

a world society consisting of only sovereign, self-contained territories

global slave trade

the practice of kidnapping human beings, transporting them around the world, and selling them for profit

global power elite

a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in globally important social institutions

global imagined community

a socially constructed in-group based on a shared planet

risk society

a society organized around the self-conscious production, distribution, and management of risk

globalization

the social processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across nation-states

cultural hybridization

the production of ideas, objects, practices, and bodies influenced by two or more cultures

transnational organizations

organizations that operate in more than one country

colonialism

the practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

global commodity chains

a transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distributing them to consumers

global cities

urban areas that act as key hubs in the world economy

cult of domesticity

system of cultural beliefs or ideals in the 19th century that governed gender roles in upper- and middle-class society.

counter frames

frames meant to challenge an existing movements frame

framing wars

battles over if a social facts is a social problem

alienation

persons feeling of disconnection from a group

Anthropocene

human actions are changing Earth's geology

sociological imagination

an ability to connect personal experience with larger social structures, allowing us to link personal challenges to broader social issues

Social Facts

ways of acting, thinking, or feeling that exist outside the individual but exert social control over them