Introduction to Microbiology - Lecture Notes Review

A comprehensive set of Q&A flashcards covering key concepts, history, applications, and classifications from the introductory microbiology notes.

What is microbiology?

The study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

What are the benefits of microbes listed in the notes?

Pathogen defense; Vitamin synthesis; Food and medicine production; Food chain basis; Plant growth.

Which ancient practice used formalin to preserve bodies?

Embalming in the Egyptian era.

What was the first biological warfare record mentioned, involving corpses?

Dumping corpses into enemies' water, recorded in Ancient Roman Empire times.

Who coined the term 'cell'?

Robert Hooke (1665).

Who was the first to view living organisms and is often called the Father of Microbiology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674).

Who proposed the Theory of Spontaneous Generation in 1745?

John Needham.

Which scientist conducted boiled vs unboiled gravy experiments challenging spontaneous generation?

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1767).

Who is considered the father of vaccination and when?

Edward Jenner (1798).

What organism did Agostino Bassi link to silkworm disease in 1835?

A fungus (fungal disease of silkworms).

What hygiene practice did Ignaz Semmelweis advocate in 1840?

Physicians should wash their hands when assisting in childbirth.

Who introduced pasteurization and identified yeast's role in wine fermentation?

Louis Pasteur.

What theory did Rudolph Virchow propose that challenged spontaneous generation?

Biogenesis: Life arises only from pre-existing life.

Who coined the terms 'biogenesis' and 'abiogenesis' in 1870?

Thomas Huxley.

Who identified Neisseria gonorrhoeae as the agent of gonorrhea?

Albert Ludwig Neisser (1879).

What vaccine-related achievement is associated with Pasteur in the 1880s?

Developed a vaccine for chicken cholera.

Who developed Agar as a solid growth medium and when?

F. Hess (1882).

Who developed the concept of pure culture using solid media?

Robert Koch (1881).

Which pathogens did Koch identify in 1883?

Vibrio cholerae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Who described phagocytosis?

Elie Metchnikoff (1884).

Who discovered Escherichia coli and identified it as a distinct bacterium?

Theodor Escherich (1885).

What rabies-related vaccine did Pasteur develop, and when?

Rabies vaccine (1885).

Who developed diphtheria antitoxin and in what year?

Behring and Kitasato (1890).

Who linked Clostridium perfringens to gangrene, and when?

Welch and Nuttall (1892).

Who invented the Petri plate and when?

Julius Richard Petri (1887).

Who proposed that antibodies are responsible for immunity?

Paul Ehrlich (1891).

Who discovered X-rays?

Wilhelm Roentgen (1895).

What did Eduard Buchner demonstrate in 1897?

Fermentation can be accomplished with a cell-free yeast extract.

Who described the life cycle of the malaria parasite?

Ronald Ross (1899).

What growth factor was identified in 1901 by E. Wildiers?

Vitamin B (essential growth factor).

Who identified Treponema pallidum as the causative agent of syphilis?

Fritz Schaudinn & Erich Hoffman (1905).

What methane-related capability did N. L. Sohngen report for bacteria (1906)?

Bacteria can use methane as an energy and carbon source.

What plant-associated bacterium was linked to plant tumors according to the 1895 note?

Agrobacterium (discovered by Erwin Smith and C.O. Townsend).

Who established that Rocky Mountain fever is caused by a rickettsial organism, and when?

Howard Ricketts (1909).

Who discovered that a virus can cause cancer in chickens?

Francis Peyton Rous (1911).

What major global health event occurred in 1918?

Worldwide influenza epidemic that killed more than 20 million people.

Who showed typhus fever is transmitted by body lice, and when?

Charles Henry Nicolle (1910).

What test did M. H. Crady develop for bacteriology analysis of water?

The fecal coliform test (1915).

When was blood agar used for the first time?

1919.

What is medical microbiology concerned with?

Identifying pathogens, determining antibiotic susceptibility, ensuring sterility of pharmaceuticals, monitoring contamination, and guiding treatments.