End of Year Lecture Pt.2

This is the last Knowt set I shall make for sophomore year. (Praise the Lord.)

Genocide in Rwanda (1994) = ?

* Was an effect of imperialism.
* During this, the Hutus killed over 500,000 people (mainly Tutsis).
* While Belgium had colonial rule in Rwanda, the Tutsis were favored over the Hutus. That’s why the Hutus had beef with the Tutsis.
* President Clinton and the European community did not get involved to stop the genocide.

Iraq = ?

* Used to be a part of the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire
* Had three main groups: Kurds, Sunnis, and Shia (majority)

Who came into power in Iraq in 1979?

Dictator Saddam Hussein.

Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) = ?

* Saddam Hussein invaded Iran.
* Outcome was a draw.
* Hundreds of thousands dead on both sides.
* Iraq used chemical weapons in battle.

In 1988, Iraq used chemical weapons on the ______ in _______, killing thousands.

Kurds; Halabja.

Kurds = ?

A significant minority in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria.

The First Gulf War (1991) = ?

* U.S. and coalition forces attacked Iraq after they occupied Kuwait.
* Iraq was quickly defeated.
* Saddam maintained power afterwards by crushing Kurdish and Shia resistance.

The U.S. accused Saddam Hussein/Iraq of posessing WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction). What did U.N. weapon inspectors find in their investigation?

They were not able to find and WMDs.

The Second Gulf War = ?

* The U.S. and its allies invade Iraq in 2003 and quickly topple Saddam’s dictatorship.
* Saddam was captured in 2004 and executed in 2006.

After Saddam’s execution, a _____ insurgency (including __ _____) occurred against U.S troops and the Iraqi government.

Sunni; Al Qaeda.

When did the majority of U.S. troops leave Iraq and why are some still there today?

2011; ISIS.

What is Iraq’s current situation?

Today, Iraq is a fragile Representative Democracy. Its current president is Abdul Latif Rashid (an Iraqi Kurd).

____ was made a U.S. ally under who’s rule?

Iran; Reza Shah’s son, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was forced out of Iran in ____ by who?

1979; Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

__ Americans were taken hostage in Iran and were not freed until which president assumed office in January of 1981?

52; President Reagan.

Iran, today, is considered to be a what?

Religious Theocracy.

What is Iran’s current relationship with the U.S.?

Poor. There are now concerns about Iran building nuclear weapons.

What are Iran’s foreign relations like?

* Does not recognize Israel as a country.
* Does not get along with Saudi Arabia.
* Supports Hezbollah (a Shia group in Lebanon that does not recognize Israel either).

In 1947, which two nations won independence from the U.K.?

India and Pakistan.

What happened as a result of both India and Pakistan gained their independence?

A mass migration of about 12 million people, and a million or more people died as a result of violence.

Who was assassinated by Hindu fanatic Nathuram Godse in 1948?

Gandhi.

___________ _____, a close associate of Gandhi, who supported Western-style industrialization served as the Indian PM (Prime Minister) from 1947 until his death in 1964.

Jawaharlal Nehru.

The 1950 Constitution sought to do what?

Prohibit caste discrimination.

_____ and _________ differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation.

Ethnic; Religious.

Who became Pakistan’s first governor general?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

In 1971, E. Pakistan became the country of ___________ after mutiny broke out.

Bangladesh.

India and Pakistan had border conflicts in 1947, 1965, 1999 over _______.

Kashmir.

What are India and Pakistan like nowadays?

* India = The world’s largest representative democracy; Has a federal system like the U.S.
* Pakistan = Has a fragile representative democracy; Osama Bin Laden was killed in Pakistan in 2011 by U.S. Navy SEALs.

Russia and Great Britain competed for influence in the region but this country never became a Russian or British colony.

Afghanistan.

The Three Anglo-Afghan Wars = ?

* Great Britain got control of Afghan foreign policy after the second war.
* Afghanistan declared complete independence after the third war.

Who invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and why did they do it?

The U.S.S.R.; Invaded to prop up a Communist government.

Who fought the Soviets that invaded Afghanistan?

Mujahideen, with U.S. support. (He succeeded because they left in 1989.)

What happened to Afghanistan after the Soviets left?

It was devastated by a civil war afterwards.

In 1996, who came to power in Afghanistan?

The Taliban.

Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?

The Taliban harbored Al-Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden after 9/11.

What happened after the U.S. invaded Afghanistan?

* Afghan government corruption.
* Poverty and violence continued.
* Geography and support for the Taliban led to serious issues for the U.S. troops.

When did the U.S. leave Afghanistan? What happened after that?

2021; The Taliban regained control.

Palestine = ?

* Balfour Declaration after WWI promised the Jewish a safe haven in Palestine.
* The Zionist movement gained popularity because of the Holocaust.
* Everyone wanted Jerusalem, so the U.N. took control of it.
* The Jewish state is known as Israel, and the Arab state is known as Palestine. To put it simply, they are not on good terms with each other.

(There’s so much more to it, but Spiers said this is all we needed to know for the test.

The Arab Spring = ?

A series of pro-democracy protests and uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa.

* Started in December of 2010 in Tunisia.
* In 2011, authoritarian regimes were overthrown in North Africa and the Middle East including Tunisia, Egypt (Mubarak), Libya (Gaddafi), and Yemen. Also, the Syrians tried to overthrow Bashar al-Assad.
* Many other countries are still authoritarian.

The Syrian Civil War (2011 to present) = ?

* At least 350,000 to over 600,000 people have been killed.
* al-Assad is still in power (because he has been assisted by Russia and Iran).
* The terrorist group ISIS broke off from Al-Qaeda and took over territory in Iraq and Syria.
* The Kurds, ISIS, Syrian rebels and the Turkish backed Syrian rebels/Turkish military.
* Jihadist forces control some parts of Syria.
* U.S., U.K., and French forces have been involved in helping moderate Syrian rebels and the Kurds, and have also degraded ISIS.

The relationships among key players of the Syrian Civil War are complicated, yes or no?

F\*CKING YES, MY GUY. SO COMPLICATED I NEARLY HAD A STROKE LOOKING AT THEM.

Apartheid = ?

Racial segregation in South Africa instituted under the white-ruled National Party from 1948 to 1994.

Sharpeville in 1960 = ?

69 unarmed, Black South Africans were killed by the police and 186 were wounded.

The U.S. and the U.K. put economic _________ on South Africa in 1985.

Sanctions.

Prime Minister ______ ______ __ _____ lifted ban on the A.N.C. and other Black liberation parties, the freedom of press, and the release of political prisoners.

Frederik Willem de Klerk.

_______ _______ was released from prison after 27 years and was elected _________.

Nelson Mandela; President.

South Africa is still a ______________ _________ today.

Representative Democracy.

Who are all the members of the Nuclear Club?

* Russia
* The U.S.
* China
* The U.K.
* France
* India
* Pakistan
* Israel
* North Korea

(That’s all so far.)