pcog midterm lab #1

Are complex substances that are difficult to separate because they do not crystallize

Tannins

Substances that form colloidal solutions with water possessing an acid reaction and a sharp “puckering” taste

Tannins

Tannins are medically used as an __________

Astringent

Tannins are used in the manufacture of __________

Leather

Tannins are applied to skin and hides to form __________

Leather

__________ tannins form a “bloom”

Hydrolyzable

___________ tannins form “tanner’s red”

Non-hydrolyzable

Tannins cause precipitation solutions of __________ as well as of __________

Gelatin, Alkaloids

Tannins form ___________ or __________ soluble compounds with ferric salts

Dark blue, Greenish black

Tannins produce a __________ color with potassium ferric cyanide and ammonia

Deep red

Prolonged use of tannin-rich plants may be hazardous because it is __________

Carcinogenic

Plant rich in condensed tannins; is linked to high rates of oral and esophageal cancer

Areca catechu

Tannins are used as an antidote for __________ by forming an insoluble tannate

Alkaloid poisoning

3 components of the universal antidote

Activated charcoal, Tannic acid, Magnesium oxide

2 classes of tannins

Hydrolyzable, Non-hydrolyzable

Other name of hydrolyzable tannins

Pyrogallol

Consists of gallic acid or related polyhydric compounds esterified with glucose

Hydrolyzable tannins

2 types of hydrolyzable tannins

Gallitannins, Ellagitannins

Simplest type of HT; has a central core glucose with gallic acid

Gallitannins

Composed of hexahydroxy-diphenic acids

Ellagitannins

Contains only one phenolic nuclei linked to carbohydrates or proteins

Non-hydrolyzable tannins (Condensed tannins)

Non-hydrolyzable tannins mostly results from the condensation of 2 or more flavan-3-ols (ex. ___________) or from flavan-3,4-diols (ex. __________)

Catechin, Leucocyanidin

Non-hydrolyzable tannins tend to polymerize resulting to insoluble red colored product called __________

Phlobaphenes

Hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes

Hydrolyzable tannins

Reaction of hydrolyzable tannins with ferric chloride solution leads to a __________ ppt

Bluish-black

Not hydrolyzed to simpler molecules; has no sugar moiety

Non-hydrolyzable tannins

Reaction of non-hydrolyzable tannins with ferric chloride solution leads to a __________ ppt

Greenish-brown

A red insoluble compound formed upon treatment with acids/enzymes to condensed tannins

Phlobaphenes

Tannins are __________ in water, dilute alkalis, alcohol, glycerol, and acetone

Soluble

Tannins are __________ in organic solvents

Sparingly soluble

Test for the presence of tannins; brown/black color

Goldbeater’s skin test

Goldbeater’s skin test

Tannins

Goldbeater’s skin test (Positive result)

Brown/black color

Test for gallic acid and other pseudotannins; precipitation of gelatin

Gelatin test

Gelatin test

Gallic acid and other pseudotannins

Gelatin test (Positive result)

Precipitation of gelatin

Test wherein all tannins are precipitated; the precipitate being bulky and often colored

Phenazone test

Involves heating of catechins with acids to form phloroglucinol

Test for catechin

Test for catechin

Catechin

Test for catechin (Positive result)

Wood pink/red

In test for catechin, the __________ produced turns wood pink or red

Phloroglucinol

An extract containing chlorogenic acid when treated with aqueous ammonia and exposed to air gradually develops green color

Test for chlorogenic acid

Test for chlorogenic acid

Chlorogenic acid

Test for chlorogenic acid (Positive result)

Green color

Which of the following is/are true about tannins?

c. All of the above

Tanner’s red is a type of leather produced from what type of tannin?

Non-hydrolyzable tannin

Hydrolyzable tannins yield gallic acid when hydrolyzed; Hydrolyzable tannins turn bluish-black with ferric chloride test solution

d. Both statements are correct

The dried leaf of Hamamelis virginiana; has astringent and hemostatic properties

Hamamelis leaf (Witch hazel leaf)

Hamamelis leaf (Witch hazel leaf) is the dried leaf of __________

Hamamelis virginiana

Greek word which means “at the same time”

Hama

Greek word which means “fruit”

Melis

Greek word which means “plant found in Virginia”

Virginiana

3 constituents of hamamelis leaf

Hamamelitannin, Gallic acid, Volatile oil

Extract prepared by steam distillation of Hamamelis virginiana; is incorporated in hemorrhoidal products, preparations for insect bites and stings, and teething preparations

Hamamelis water/Distilled witch hazel extract

Excrescence obtained from the young twigs of Quercus infectoria and allied species Quercus

Nutgall

Nutgall is the excrescence obtained from the young twigs of __________ and allied species Quercus

Quercus infectoria

Nutgall is caused by the puncture of a hymenopterous insect, __________

Cynips tinctaria

3 constituents of nutgall

Tannic acid, Ellagic acid, Gallic acid

Principal constituent of nutgall; is medically used as an astringent; also used in tanning and dyeing

Tannic acid

In tannic acid, the aqueous layer contains __________ and the ethereal layer contains the free __________ present in the gall

Gallotannin, Gallic acid

Constituent used by ostomates to help control odors

Bismuth subgallate

Produced by aphis, Schlectendalia chinensis, on the petiole of the leaves of Rhus chinensis (Anacardiaceae)

Chinese and Japanese galls

Chinese and Japanese galls are produced by aphis, __________, on the petiole of the leaves of Rhus chinensis (Anacardiaceae)

Schlectendalia chinensis

Chinese and Japanese galls are produced by aphis, Schlectendalia chinensis on the petiole of the leaves of __________

Rhus chinensis (Family: Anacardiaceae)

Produced by Cynis lignicola on Quercus robis

Hungarian galls

Hungarian galls are produced by __________ on Quercus robus

Cynic lignicola

Hungarian galls are produced by Cynis lignicola on __________

Quercus robus

Is the dried false fruits of Crataegus monogyna or C. laevigata (Rosaceae); used as mild cardiac tonic

Hawthorn

3 common names of hawthorn

Haw, Maybush, Mayflower

Hawthorn is the dried, false fruit of __________ or __________

Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus laevigata (Family: Rosaceae)

2 constituents of hawthorn found in its fruit

Procyanidin, Hyperoside

2 constituents of hawthorn found in its leaves

Less hyperoside, Principally vitexin rhamnoside

Hawthorn does not have toxic effects of __________

Digitalis

The flowering and aerial parts of Alchemilla xanthochlora (Rosaceae); used as an astringent against bleeding and diarrhea and for gynecological conditions

Alchemilla

Common name of alchemilla

Lady’s mantle

Alchemilla is the flowering and aerial part of __________

Alchemilla xanthochlora (Family: Rosaceae)

Constituent of alchemilla

Ellagitannins (Pedunculangin, Alchemillin)

Is the dried root of Krameria triandra (Krameriaceae); used as an astringent and antimicrobial for mouth and throat infections

Rhatany

3 common names of rhatany

Peruvian rhatany, Red rhatany, Mapato

Is a small family related to Leguminoseae/Fabaceae; includes rhatany

Krameriaceae

2 constituents of rhatany found in krameria root

Proanthocyanidin, Phlobaphene (Krameria red)

Constituents useful in sun-protection preparations; found in rhatany

Ratanhiaphenols I and II

Is the dried pericarp of Punica granatum (Punicaceae); used as herbal remedy for nonspecific diarrhea and astringent

Pomegranate

Synonym of pomegranate

Granada

Pomegranate is the dried pericarp of the fruit of __________

Punica granatum (Family: Punicaceae)

The __________ of a pomegranate contains alkaloids

Root bark

Is the dried, aqueous extract from Uncaria gambir (Rubiaceae); used to make cutch or black catechu extract

Gambir

3 synonyms of gambir

Catechu, Pale catechu, Gambir

Gambir is the dried, aqueous extract from the leaves and young twigs of __________

Uncaria gambir (Family: Rubiaceae)

5 constituents of gambir

Catechin, Catechutannic acid, Catechu red, Quercetin, Gambir-fluorescin

2 chemical tests for gambir constituents

Test for gambir-fluorescin, Test for catechin

Its positive result is strong green fluorescence on the petroleum spirit layer

Test for gambir-fluorescin

An extract prepared from the heartwood of Acacia catechu; it gives no reaction to gambir-fluorescin

Cutch/Black catechu

4 constituents of cutch/black catechu

Catechins (Acacatechin), Phlobatannins, Gummy matter, Quercetin

Name applied to dried juices rich in phlobatannins and used as an astringent

Kino

Kino is the name applied to dried juices rich in __________ and used as an astringent

Phlobatannins

3 sources of kino

Malabar kino, Bengal kino, Eucalyptus kino

From Pterocarpus marsupium

Malabar kino

From Butea frondosa

Bengal kino

From Eucalyptus rostrata (Family: Myrtaceae)

Eucalyptus kino