AP Bio Unit 2: the Cell

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Cell Theory

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62 Terms

1

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells. They area a basic unit of life that come from cell division.

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2

Magnification equation

Magnification = image size/actual size

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3

Endosymbiotic Theory

Evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves.

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Prokaryotes

First cells—simple cells. No nucleus or membrane.

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Eukaryotes

Complex cells—multicellular or unicellular. Has nucleus and membrane.

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Founders of the Cell Theory

Matthias Schleiden (plants) & Theodore Schwann (animals)

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Rudolph Virchow studying human diseases

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Diffusion

Net movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to low concentration in random motion. The thing that determines cell size.

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9

Organelles

Perform various functions for a cell (found in the cytoplasm).

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Nucleus

The control organelle. It contains the DNA in chromosomes and is bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane). BIGGEST ORGANELLE

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Chromatin

DNA spread out

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Chromosomes

DNA condensed

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13

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane surrounding nucleus (nuclear membrane).

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14

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes that make proteins, max of 3 in one nucleus

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Plasma Membrane

Surrounds outside of ALL cells. Double layer of phospholipids and proteins.

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Phospholipids

Heads have glycerol and are hydrophilic, tails have fat and are hydrophobic.

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Cell Membrane in Plants

Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

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18

Cell Wall

A rigid layer that lies outside of the cell membrane. Non-living with pores to let things in/out

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Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane. Provides a place for chemical reactions and gives cells their shapes.

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Cytoskeleton

Helps cells maintain cell shape. Made of proteins which help move organelles around.

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Microfilaments

Thread like and made of actin

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Microtubules

Tubelike and made of tubulin

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Centrioles

Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell. ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell. Generates cellular energy and is the site of cellular respiration.

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Cristae

Inner membrane of mitochondria

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Matrix

Outer membrane of mitochondria

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of hollow membrane tubules that connect to the nuclear envelope and cell membrane.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Makes products for use outside of the cell, ribosomes are made and threaded into interior

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Makes products for use inside the cell, makes membrane, regulates calcium, destroys toxic substances.

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Ribosomes

Protein factories for the cell that join amino acids to make proteins. Can be attached to Rough ER or free in cytoplasm

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Golgi Bodies/Apparatus/Complex

Transport vesicles that have a shipping face and a receiving face

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Golgi Bodies

Modify, sort, and package molecules from ER for storage or transport out of the cell.

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Lysosomes

Breaks down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for new cells. Release enzymes to break down and recycle cell parts.

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Phagocytosis

How cells take in food

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Autolysis

Program for cell death

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Cilla

Function in moving cells, fluids, or small particles. A bunch of short and numerous tails

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Flagella

Function in moving cells, fluids, or small particles. Long tails, normally just 1-3.

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Vacuoles

Fluid filled sacks for storage. Stores sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes. None in bacteria.

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Contractile Vacuoles

Regulate water intake by pumping excess (homeostasis). Found in unicellular protists like paramecle.

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40

Chloroplasts

Use energy from sunlight to make food. Have a double membrane. Only in producers.

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41

Thylakoids

Modified membrane sacks, when stacked called Grana. Stroma is a gel material that surrounds them.

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Membranes are fluid mosaics

Must be fluid to work

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43

Membrane (Fluid)

Phospholipid bilayer which is flexible allows for shape but aren’t bonded to each other. Dynamic ever-changing.

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Integral Proteins

Span entire membrane and attached to it

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45

Peripheral Proteins

Attached to one point

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46

Cholesterol

A eukaryote which modulates the membrane’s fluidity so it doesn’t explode.

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47

SO TINY

Smallest unit that can carry out all the processes of life

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48

Diffusion

Passive; disperses randomly from high to low.

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49

Osmosis

Passive; molecules move down the gradient. (high to low)

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Membrane is semipermeable

water can move through membrane

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51

Cell Membrane

Not active or passive; all about proteins moving around in it.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Passive; special carrier molecules that form the protein channel bind to carrier molecules.

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53

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

Active; transfers materials in/out of membrane.

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Endocytosis

Part of the surface membrane forms a sack around a group of cells to transfer.

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Exocytosis

Exocytosis

a cellular process where substances are expelled from a cell

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56

Phagocytosis

takes in food or large molecules

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Pinocytosis

takes in liquid molecules

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

takes in hormones, LDL, VIP molecules

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Sodium/Potassium Pump

Active; a pump which transfers sodium and potassium between the membrane.

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60

Hypotonic

more concentration in the cell then the water surrounding it

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Hypertonic

more concentration in the water around the cell then in it

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Isotonic

concentration is equal in the cell and water surrounding it

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