Studied by 6 people
Ladinos
Free and enslaved Africans familiar with Iberian culture
Atlantic Creoles
The generation Ladinos were part of and they worked as intermediaries
Juan Garrido
Conquistador born in the Kingdom of Kongo who was the first known African to arrive in North America and explored Florida
Estevanico/Esteban
Enslaved healer from Morocco who was forced to work as an explorer and translator
Charleston, South Carolina
The arrival point for 48% of all Africans directly brought from Africa and was the center of US slave trade (slaves grew rice there)
Senegambia and Angola
Captives from here made up around half of those brought to North America
Hoodoo
Belief system based on veneration of ancestors, herbal healing, and ring shout
1st Great Awakening
Brought more conversions of enslaved Africans
1st part of Middle Passage
Enslaved Africans were:
Captured and marched from interior states
Held in barracoons and in dungeons of “factories“ at the coast
Ex: Elmina Castle and Goree Islands
2nd part of Middle Passage
Enslaved Africans journeyed across the Atlantic (final separation)
~15% of captives perished aboard slave ships (disease, malnourishment, etc.)
3rd part of Middle Passage
Enslaved Africans arrived at port and were:
Quarantined, washed, and inspected before being resold
Transported to locations of servitude
Domestic wars between kingdoms
Were exacerbated by firearms (from trade with Europeans) and captives were mainly men
Coastal states in Africa
Became wealthy from trade in goods and people
African leaders sold soldiers and war captives from opposing ethnic groups to maintain dominance and wealth
Ex: Kingdom of Kongo, Ashante, and Dahomey
Interior states in Africa
Became less stable under constant threat of capture and enslavment
Civil wars are more common, loss of kin to pass on traditions, etc.
Slave narratives
Genre of literature in which formerly enslaved Africans detailed their experiences
Serve as historical accounts, literary works, and political texts
Ex:
Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave
Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
Olaudah Equiano
His account (The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano) documents the horrors of the Middle Passage
Reasons for resistance
Trauma of deracination (to remove or separate from a native environment or culture)
Commodification
Lifelong enslavement
Speculum oris
Used to pry open the mouths and force fed enslaved people who refused to eat
Changes in ship design
Barricades to separate sleeping quarters
Guns
Nets
La Amistad
Successful revolt on a slave ship in 1839 off Cuban coast
Led by Mende captive Senge Pieh
Was intercepted by a US gov’t ship
US Supreme Court granted Mende captives freedom
Slave ship diagrams
Depict systematic arrangement of captives
Typically shows fewer enslaved
Show unsanitary and cramped conditions
Rarely included features enslavers used to minimize resistance
(Trip could last up to 90 days)
Antislavery activists circulated diagrams and Black artists repurposed iconography
Nature of slave auctions
Brutal, terrifying, and heartbreaking
Captives “dressed up“ to appear valuable
Inspected like animals
Families broken up
Justified treatment with White supremacy
End of international slave trade in US
Gov’t formally banned transatlantic slave trade in 1808
Enslaved pop grew primarily through childbirth
Slave-cotton system
Dominated the lower South
Enslaved Blacks were valuable as commodities because of profit of cotton
“Second Middle Passage”
Over 1 million African Americans were displaced by being sold further South
Sparked fear
Largest forced migration in US history
Types of work in rural areas
Domestic (cooking, cleaning, etc.) ← often longer work days
Agricultural (based on crop of plantation; ex: tobacco, cotton, etc.)
Skilled (potter, carpentry, etc.)
Institutions as enslavers
Some enslaved were bound to churches, factories, and colleges to build and keep them running
Skills brought from Africa
Blacksmithing
Basket weaving
Cultivation of rice and indigo
These were exploited at auctions
Skills developed
Tailoring
Musicianship
Painting
Carpenting
Healing
Enslaved African Americans were hired out by enslavers for income but skills could be used to save up to buy freedom
Gang system
Enslaved laborers worked in groups from sunup to sundown
Under watch and discipline of an overseer
Cultivated crops like cotton, sugar, and tobacco
Created work song to keep pace of work
Task system
Enslaved people work individually until they meet a daily quota
Cultivated rice and indigo
Enslaver expected them to provide their own food
Some maintained linguistic practices
Generational wealth
Enslaved Africans were alienated from the wealth they embodied and produced so they didn’t have wages to pass down to descendants
Slave codes
First established in Barbados
Restricted movement, congregation, etc.
1740 South Carolina Negro Act
Presumed all Black people were enslaved
South Carolina 1740 Slave Code
Prohibited gathering, learning to read, etc.
Allowed whites to kill rebellious Blacks without a trial and use of slave patrols
Condemned death to any enslaved people who tried to defend themselves
Partus seqitur ventres
17th c. law adopted as part of slave codes
Child’s legal status based on status of mother
Concept of race
Socially constructed
Emerged with systems of enslavement (justification for treatment)
Racial categories
Defined by law during era of slavery
Important for census (assumption all Black people are enslaved unless proven otherwise)
“One-drop rule”
Classified people with any degree of African descent as part of their singular, inferior status
Ex: Virginia 1924 Racial Integrity Act
Gospel
Blended Christian hymns and biblical themes with African rhythmic and performance elements
Call and response, clapping, repetition, etc.
Blues
Originated in rural areas of Deep South
Simple narrative rhymed ballads, work songs, chants, etc.
Developed from Senegambian and West Central Africans (in Louisiana)
Fodet
Same musical system in Blues; rhythmic and repetitive
Spirituals
Often rooted in biblical stories blended with African musical traditions
Have double meanings in lyrics
American Colonization Society
Sought to exile free Blacks to Africa
Formed by White gradual abolitionists
Divided support among African Americans
Ethonoyms
Names of ethnic groups, racial groups, and nationalities
Negro
Ethnonym used through Civil Rights movement and by Black organizations, artists, and intellects
Black
Ethnonym adopted in 1960s to combat negative connotations and encompasses diversity
African American
Used post 1970s to incorporate African heritage and emphasize American experience
Stono Rebellion
Rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina where slaves stole weapons from a store and killed White people in the area
More Black people died
Note 
Flashcard (72)