Unit 2a: Freedom, Enslavement, and Resistance

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Ladinos

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49 Terms

1

Ladinos

Free and enslaved Africans familiar with Iberian culture

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2

Atlantic Creoles

The generation Ladinos were part of and they worked as intermediaries

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3

Juan Garrido

Conquistador born in the Kingdom of Kongo who was the first known African to arrive in North America and explored Florida

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4

Estevanico/Esteban

Enslaved healer from Morocco who was forced to work as an explorer and translator

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5

Charleston, South Carolina

The arrival point for 48% of all Africans directly brought from Africa and was the center of US slave trade (slaves grew rice there)

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6

Senegambia and Angola

Captives from here made up around half of those brought to North America

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7

Hoodoo

Belief system based on veneration of ancestors, herbal healing, and ring shout

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8

1st Great Awakening

Brought more conversions of enslaved Africans

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9

1st part of Middle Passage

Enslaved Africans were:

  • Captured and marched from interior states

  • Held in barracoons and in dungeons of ā€œfactoriesā€œ at the coast

Ex: Elmina Castle and Goree Islands

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10

2nd part of Middle Passage

Enslaved Africans journeyed across the Atlantic (final separation)

  • ~15% of captives perished aboard slave ships (disease, malnourishment, etc.)

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11

3rd part of Middle Passage

Enslaved Africans arrived at port and were:

  • Quarantined, washed, and inspected before being resold

  • Transported to locations of servitude

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12

Domestic wars between kingdoms

Were exacerbated by firearms (from trade with Europeans) and captives were mainly men

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13

Coastal states in Africa

  • Became wealthy from trade in goods and people

  • African leaders sold soldiers and war captives from opposing ethnic groups to maintain dominance and wealth

Ex: Kingdom of Kongo, Ashante, and Dahomey

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14

Interior states in Africa

  • Became less stable under constant threat of capture and enslavment

  • Civil wars are more common, loss of kin to pass on traditions, etc.

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15

Slave narratives

Genre of literature in which formerly enslaved Africans detailed their experiences

  • Serve as historical accounts, literary works, and political texts

Ex:

  • Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

  • Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

  • Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave

  • Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

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16

Olaudah Equiano

His account (The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano) documents the horrors of the Middle Passage

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17

Reasons for resistance

  • Trauma of deracination (to remove or separate from a native environment or culture)

  • Commodification

  • Lifelong enslavement

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18

Speculum oris

Used to pry open the mouths and force fed enslaved people who refused to eat

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19

Changes in ship design

  • Barricades to separate sleeping quarters

  • Guns

  • Nets

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20

La Amistad

Successful revolt on a slave ship in 1839 off Cuban coast

  • Led by Mende captive Senge Pieh

  • Was intercepted by a US govā€™t ship

  • US Supreme Court granted Mende captives freedom

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21

Slave ship diagrams

  • Depict systematic arrangement of captives

  • Typically shows fewer enslaved

  • Show unsanitary and cramped conditions

  • Rarely included features enslavers used to minimize resistance

(Trip could last up to 90 days)

Antislavery activists circulated diagrams and Black artists repurposed iconography

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22

Nature of slave auctions

Brutal, terrifying, and heartbreaking

  • Captives ā€œdressed upā€œ to appear valuable

  • Inspected like animals

  • Families broken up

  • Justified treatment with White supremacy

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23

End of international slave trade in US

Govā€™t formally banned transatlantic slave trade in 1808

  • Enslaved pop grew primarily through childbirth

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24

Slave-cotton system

  • Dominated the lower South

  • Enslaved Blacks were valuable as commodities because of profit of cotton

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25

ā€œSecond Middle Passageā€

Over 1 million African Americans were displaced by being sold further South

  • Sparked fear

  • Largest forced migration in US history

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26

Types of work in rural areas

  • Domestic (cooking, cleaning, etc.) ā† often longer work days

  • Agricultural (based on crop of plantation; ex: tobacco, cotton, etc.)

  • Skilled (potter, carpentry, etc.)

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27

Institutions as enslavers

Some enslaved were bound to churches, factories, and colleges to build and keep them running

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28

Skills brought from Africa

  • Blacksmithing

  • Basket weaving

  • Cultivation of rice and indigo

These were exploited at auctions

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29

Skills developed

  • Tailoring

  • Musicianship

  • Painting

  • Carpenting

  • Healing

Enslaved African Americans were hired out by enslavers for income but skills could be used to save up to buy freedom

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30

Gang system

Enslaved laborers worked in groups from sunup to sundown

  • Under watch and discipline of an overseer

  • Cultivated crops like cotton, sugar, and tobacco

  • Created work song to keep pace of work

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31

Task system

Enslaved people work individually until they meet a daily quota

  • Cultivated rice and indigo

  • Enslaver expected them to provide their own food

  • Some maintained linguistic practices

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32

Generational wealth

Enslaved Africans were alienated from the wealth they embodied and produced so they didnā€™t have wages to pass down to descendants

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33

Slave codes

  • First established in Barbados

  • Restricted movement, congregation, etc.

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34

1740 South Carolina Negro Act

Presumed all Black people were enslaved

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35

South Carolina 1740 Slave Code

  • Prohibited gathering, learning to read, etc.

  • Allowed whites to kill rebellious Blacks without a trial and use of slave patrols

  • Condemned death to any enslaved people who tried to defend themselves

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36

Partus seqitur ventres

  • 17th c. law adopted as part of slave codes

  • Childā€™s legal status based on status of mother

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37

Concept of race

  • Socially constructed

  • Emerged with systems of enslavement (justification for treatment)

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38

Racial categories

  • Defined by law during era of slavery

  • Important for census (assumption all Black people are enslaved unless proven otherwise)

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39

ā€œOne-drop ruleā€

Classified people with any degree of African descent as part of their singular, inferior status

Ex: Virginia 1924 Racial Integrity Act

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40

Gospel

Blended Christian hymns and biblical themes with African rhythmic and performance elements

  • Call and response, clapping, repetition, etc.

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41

Blues

Originated in rural areas of Deep South

  • Simple narrative rhymed ballads, work songs, chants, etc.

  • Developed from Senegambian and West Central Africans (in Louisiana)

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42

Fodet

Same musical system in Blues; rhythmic and repetitive

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43

Spirituals

Often rooted in biblical stories blended with African musical traditions

  • Have double meanings in lyrics

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44

American Colonization Society

Sought to exile free Blacks to Africa

  • Formed by White gradual abolitionists

  • Divided support among African Americans

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45

Ethonoyms

Names of ethnic groups, racial groups, and nationalities

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46

Negro

Ethnonym used through Civil Rights movement and by Black organizations, artists, and intellects

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47

Black

Ethnonym adopted in 1960s to combat negative connotations and encompasses diversity

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48

African American

Used post 1970s to incorporate African heritage and emphasize American experience

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49

Stono Rebellion

Rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina where slaves stole weapons from a store and killed White people in the area

  • More Black people died

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