Unit 7 APWH

Ottoman Empire Decline

Collapse due to nationalism, corruption, military defeats, WWI loss, and internal revolts.

Russian Revolution (1917)

Revolution that overthrew the czar, led by the Bolsheviks, creating a communist Soviet Union.

Chinese Revolution (1911)

Uprising that ended the Qing Dynasty and established a republic under Sun Yat-sen.

Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)

Armed rebellion against dictator Díaz, resulting in a new constitution and land reforms.

Militarism

Glorification and buildup of military power, contributing to WWI.

Alliances

Agreements between nations to protect each other, which escalated WWI when conflict began.

Imperialism

Domination by one country over another's land, contributing to tensions before WWI.

Nationalism

Intense pride in one's nation or ethnic group; fueled rivalries and independence movements.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Sparked WWI when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Trench Warfare

WWI fighting style featuring deep trenches and high casualties, especially on the Western Front.

Total War

War that requires full mobilization of society — economy, industry, and civilians.

WWI Colonial Soldiers

Troops from colonies who fought for imperial powers with hopes of gaining rights or independence.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Peace treaty that ended WWI and punished Germany with reparations and territorial loss.

League of Nations

International peace organization formed after WWI, but weakened by lack of U.S. participation.

Mandate System

System where former Ottoman and German territories were controlled by Britain and France under League oversight.

Great Depression (1929)

Global economic crisis that led to massive unemployment, poverty, and the rise of authoritarian leaders.

Keynesian Economics

Theory advocating government spending to stimulate demand during economic downturns.

Fascism

Authoritarian ideology emphasizing nationalism, militarism, and obedience to a strong leader (e.g., Mussolini).

Nazism

German fascist ideology under Hitler, featuring extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and totalitarian control.

Five-Year Plans (USSR)

Stalin’s economic goals to industrialize the Soviet Union quickly through state planning.

Collectivization

Stalin’s policy to consolidate farms into state-run enterprises, causing famine and death.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader who led the Long March and eventually founded the People’s Republic of China.

Guomindang (Nationalist Party)

Chinese party led by Chiang Kai-shek; lost civil war to Communists.

Anti-Colonial Movements (Interwar)

Uprisings and independence movements against imperial powers (e.g., India, Vietnam).

Indian National Congress

Political party led by Gandhi seeking independence from British rule through nonviolence.

Salt March (1930)

Gandhi’s peaceful protest against British salt tax; a symbol of Indian civil disobedience.

Turkish National Movement

Led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, abolished the Ottoman Empire and established modern Turkey.

Atatürk’s Reforms

Secularization, modernization, and Westernization of Turkey.

World War II Causes

Treaty of Versailles, failure of League of Nations, global depression, rise of totalitarian regimes.

Appeasement

Policy of giving in to Hitler’s demands (e.g., Munich Agreement) to avoid war.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII.

Allied Powers

WWII alliance of Britain, France, USSR, U.S., and others fighting the Axis.

Blitzkrieg

“Lightning war” strategy using fast-moving, coordinated attacks by Germany in WWII.

Holocaust

Genocide of 6 million Jews and others by Nazi Germany during WWII.

Firebombing

Aerial bombing tactic using incendiaries (e.g., Dresden, Tokyo) causing massive destruction and civilian deaths.