The cardiovascular system and cardiac cycle/pressures, and Electrical activity

what are the two major adjustments in the cardiovascular system during exercise

increase in cardiac output

redistribution of blood flow

what two components make up cardiac output

heart rate

stroke volume

what are the 3 purposes of the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary system

transport O2 and nutrients to tissue

removal of CO2 wastes from tissues

regulation of body temperature

what organ in the circulatory system pumps blood and creates a pressure gradient

heart

what part of the circulatory system carry blood away from the heart

arteries

arterioles

what part of the circulatory system helps with the exchange of nutrients with tissues

capillaries

what part of the circulatory system carries blood towards the heart

veins

venules

what divides the heart into left and right sides

interventricular septum

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

left and right atria

left and right ventricle

what are the four valves in order

right av (tricuspid)

pulmonary (semilunar)

mitral (bicuspid)

aortic valve

what two parts of the heart brings relatively deoxygenated blood back into the heart

superior and inferior vena cava

what transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary artery

what collects oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and carries it to the heart

pulmonary veins

what delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, also the largest artery in the body

aorta

what is it called when the damage of the leaflets in the valves leading to the valve’s inability to close leading to continual flow of blood

mitral valve prolapse

what is the pulmonary circuit

right side of the heart

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins

what is the systemic circuit

left side of the heart

pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via arteries

returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via veins

what are the three layers of the heart wall

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

what causes a myocardial infarction

blockage in coronary blood flow resulting in cell damage

what is the contraction phase where blood is ejected from the ventricles

systole

what is the reaction phase where the ventricles are filling with blood

diastole

at rest _____ is longer than ______

diastole

systole

during exercise both systole and diastole are _______

shorter

what phase occurs when the pressure in the ventricles is low causing them to relax, and blood to fill the ventricles. The AV valves open when ventricular pressure is less than atrial pressure

diastole

what phase occurs when pressure in the ventricles increases and blood is ejected into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Semilunar valves open and ventricular pressure is greater than arterial pressure

systole

what makes the first heart sound? second?

closing of AV valves

closing of aortic and pulmonary valves

what are the 4 steps of the cardiac cycle in order

ventricular filling period

isovolumetric contraction period

ventricular ejection period

isometric relaxation period

Ventricular filling period

Phase:

AV valves:

semilunar valves:

blood volume:

pressure inside the ventricles:

diastole

open

closed

increasing

slightly increasing

isovolumetric contraction phase

Phase:

AV valves:

semilunar valves:

blood volume:

pressure inside the ventricles:

systole

closed

closed

no change

increasing

ventricular ejection period

phase:

AV valves:

semilunar valves:

blood volume:

pressure inside the ventricles:

systole

closed

open

decreasing

slight decrease

isometric relaxation period

phase:

av valves:

semilunar valves:

blood volume:

pressure inside the ventricles:

diastole

closed

closed

stays the same

decreasing

what causes the cardiac cycle to move from period to period?

opening and closing of valves

what causes the valves to open and close?

pressure

what is the initiation phase of the ventricular filling period

AV valves open because the pressure in the ventricles is less than the pressure in the atria

what is the finalization phase of the ventricular filling period

AV valves close because the pressure in the atria exceed the pressure in the ventricles

what is the initiation phase of the isovolumetric contraction period

myocardium of ventricles contract and increase pressure in the ventricles

what is the finalization phase of the isovolumetric contraction period

the pressure continues to increase until pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure of the aorta and pulmonary arteries

what is the initiation phase of the ventricular ejection period

semilunar valves open because the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries heading towards the lungs

what is the finalization phase of the ventricular ejection period

semilunar valves close because the pressure in the ventricles becomes less than the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries

what is the initiation phase of the isovolumetric relaxation period

the myocardium of the ventricles relax thus decreasing the pressure in the ventricles

what is the finalization phase of the isovolumetric relaxation period

the pressure continues to decrease until the pressure in the ventricles is less than the pressure in the atria

what 2 phases of the cardiac cycle are longer during exercise

ventricular filling period

ventricular ejection period

how is arterial blood pressure expressed

systole/diastole

what is a blood pressure >140/90 considered to be

hypertension

what pressure is generated during ventricular contraction

systolic pressure

what pressure is generated as pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation

diastolic pressure

what makes up 90% of hypertension cases and does not have a known cause

primary essential hypertension

what type of hypertension is a result of a disease process

secondary hypertension

what does secondary hypertension but patients at a higher risk for?

left ventricular hypertrophy

kidney damage

stroke

atherosclerosis

heart attack

what is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

pulse pressure

what is the formula for pulse pressure

pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic

what is the average pressure in the arteries

mean arterial pressure

what is the equation for mean arterial pressure

map = diastolic + 1/3(pulse pressure)

what regulates arterial blood pressure for the longterm

kidneys

what regulates arterial blood pressure in the short term?

sympathetic nervous system

baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries

the contraction of the heart is dependent on electrical stimulation of the ____

myocardium

what is the pacemaker of the heart that also initiates depolarization

sa node

what passes depolarization to ventricles (only way of passing on the wave of depolarization from the atria to the ventricles) also has brief delay to allow for ventricular filling

av node

what structure is takes blood to both left and right ventricles

bundle branches

what carries blood throughout the ventricles

purkinje fibers

in reference to an electrocardiogram what is applitude

how high the peak reaches

in reference to an electrocardiogram what is duration

how long the rhythm lasts for

What part of an ecg signals atrial depolarization (contraction)

p wave

what part of an ecg accounts for a slight pause to account for final filling

pr interval

what part of an ecg signals ventricular depolarization (contraction)

qrs complex

what part of an ecg sigals the initial part of ventricular repolarization (relaxation)

st segment

what part of the ecg signals the final part of ventricular repolarization (contraction)

t wave

where is the U wave located

hidden behind qrs segment

what goes up must come down… what ___ must ____

depolarizes

repolarize

what is it called when fatty plaque builds up narrowing the coronary arteries and reducing blood flow to the myocardium resulting in ischemia

atherosclerosis

what does S-T segment depression suggest

myocardial ischemia

what does S-T segment elevation suggest

acute myocardial infarction

what is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

cardiac output

what are the two components that make up cardiac output

stroke volume

heart rate

what is the equation for cardiac output

Q = hr x sv

what is the number of beats per minute

heart rate w

what is the amount of blood ejected in each beat

stroke volume

what regulates the heart rate via the vagus nerve and slows heart rate down by inhibiting the SA and AV node

parasympathetic nervous system

what regulates the heart rate via cardiac accelerator nerves and increases heart rate by stimulating the SA and AV nodes

sympathetic nervous system

low resting heart rate is due to ____ tone

parasympathetic

once exercise is started the heart rate is able to increase up to 100 bpm due to ________ and is later increased due to _____ stimulation

parasympathetic withdrawal

sympathetic nervous system