A&P II T4 (Respiratory tract)

Primary function are ventilation and respiration. Respiration is made possible by ventilation and healthy lung tissue perfused by blood.

Function of the respiratory system

Lungs & Kidneys

What organs maintain pH balance?

Referred to as an upper respiratory tract infection, an acute inflammatory process that affects the mucous membrane that lines the upper respiratory tract. ( caused by almost 200 viruses, )

Common cold

Acute or Chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses.

saline and corticosteroid nasal sprays are used.

Sinusitis

Antibiotics, Decongestants, Antihistamines and Oral-Corticosteroids.

Whats administered due to sinusitis?

Crooked nasal septum, can lead to an increase in sinusitis. Treatment is unnecessary, unless its comprimised

Deviated septum

-Benign growths form as a consequence of distended mucous membranes protruding into the nasal cavity.

-When it becomes large it can be obstruct the airway and affect sense of smell

Nasal Polyps

An overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous membranes.

Polyps are caused by ?

Hemorrhage from the nose, common causes are cold and infections.

Epistaxis

Apply pressure at the bridge of the nose and look down. (if looking up it can cause choking)

How can you control a mild hemorrhage.

Coughing or spitting up of blood from the respiratory tract.

Hemoptysis

Airless or Collapsed state of pulmonary tissue. can be caused by an obstruction in the bronchial tree, prolonged immobility, and lack of deep breathing post-op

Atelectasis

Occurs when a blood clot or other material lodges in and occludes an artery in the pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary Embolism

Infective inflammation of the lungs, symptoms vary (cough, fever, chills, SOB, cyanosis, etc). The drug of choice for administering is Penicillin.

Pneumonia

-Area of the lungs that contains infectious material.

-Often a complication of pneumonia caused by bacteria.

-Aspiration of food, foreign objects, bronchial stenosis, or neoplasms.

-Septic embolism is carried to lungs in the pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary Abscess

Pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. More severe and mild form is Pontiac fever. Produces pneumonia-like symptoms. Neither is contagious.

Legionellosis

Inflammatory and infectious conditions of the lungs, are most common in infants, young children and the elderly. produces cold-like symptoms

Respiratory syncytial Virus (RSV) pneumonia

Fungal disease originating in the lungs that is caused by inhalation of dust containing histoplasma capsulatum.

Histoplasmosis

A generalized, highly contagious, acute viral disease that occurs in annual outbreaks (Flu-season). Inflammation of the respiratory tract mucous membranes.

Influenza

-Condition of slow and irreversible progressive airway obstruction.

- Ex: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, Asthma, and Emphysema.

COPD

-A deep, persistent, productive cough is the main symptom but other symptoms can include: SOB, wheezing, and upper chest pain due to cough.

-Symptoms usually subside withing a week but coughing can continue up to 2-3 wks

Acute Bronchitis

Symptoms similar to Acute Bronchitis but the inflammation persists and becomes worse for at least 3months of the year for 2 conservative years.

Chronic Bronchitis

Permanent, irreversible dilation or distortion of one or more bronchi, resulting from destruction of muscular and elestic portions of bronchial walls.

-Sputum removal is the most important treatment and avoiding smoke, fumes, dust is important too.

Bronchiectasis

-Characterized by destructive changes in alveolar walls and irreversible enlargement of alveolar air spaces.

-Alveoli become enlarged, which causes destruction of the alveolar walls and damage to the adjacent capillary walls.

Pulmonary emphysema

-Dyspnea/Tachypnea

-Wheezing

-Coughing

-Barrel Chest

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary emphysema

-A reversible obstructive disease caused by increased reactivity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli.

Asthma

Any disease of the lungs that is caused by long-term mineral dust inhalation, refers to a number of occupational diseases that cause progressive, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and infection in the lungs.

Pneumoconiosis

An inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining the pleural cavity, Sharp pain that increases with inspiration and coughing. Radiates to shoulder or abdomen.

Pleurisy (pleurititis)

Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity that results in partially or collapsed lung.

Pneumothorax

Blood in the pleural cavity

Hemothorax

Instability in the chest wall caused by multiple rib fractures (sternum)

Flail chest

-Chronic, acute, or subacute infection of the lungs by mycobacterium tuberculosis.

-Can get from inhaling a dried droplet nucleus that contains the tubercle bacillus.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

known as glandular fever, an acute herpes virus infection, Mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a herpes virus.

Infectious Mononucleosis

fever, malaise, chills, anorexia, sore throat, headache, and fatigue.

Symptoms of mononucleosis

Caused by repeated carcinogenic irritation to the bronchial epithelium, leading to increased rates of cell division. 2 most common symptoms are cough with or without sputum.

Lung Cancer

• Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

• Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

What are the two main types of lung cancer?