Exam 2 Pearson Questions

tunica media

tunica externa

vasa vasorum

tunica intima

tunica media        

     Arteries always carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.    

True

False

False

Which of the following form successively larger vessels that carry blood toward the heart?

arteries

capillaries

veins

venules

veins

Which of the following is true regarding veins?

Veins have valves; arteries do not.

Veins carry blood away from the heart, while arteries carry blood to the heart.

Veins have smaller-diameter lumens compared to arteries.

Veins are more muscular than arteries.

Veins have valves; arteries do not.

Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT ________.

pressure changes in the thorax

activity of skeletal muscles

venous valves

urinary output

urinary output

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in total peripheral resistance.

True

False

True

Which of the following would decrease total peripheral resistance to blood flow?    

decreasing the hematocrit

vasoconstriction

atherosclerosis

increasing blood vessel length

decreasing the hematocrit

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?

total blood vessel length

blood vessel diameter

blood vessels type

blood viscosity

blood vessel diameter

Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow?

vessel diameter

blood viscosity

vessel length

total blood volume

total blood volume

arteries

capillaries

venules

arterioles

arterioles

The pulse pressure is ________.

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure

systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure

diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

__ shock is due to large-scale blood loss

Hypovolemic shock

__ shock is when you have normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation.

Vascular shock

__ shock is due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs

Circulatory

__ shock are results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage.

Cardiogenic shock

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

It is greatest where resistance is highest.

It is relatively constant through all body organs.

It is measured in mm Hg.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

a decrease in oxygen levels

an increase in oxygen levels

a decrease in carbon dioxide

changes in arterial pressure

changes in arterial pressure

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

carotid sinus and aortic arch

cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata

carotid sinus and aortic arch

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

increased PNS and SNS activity

decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?

View Available Hint(s)for Part C

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?

View Available Hint(s)for Part D

an increase in heart rate and contractility

a decrease in blood pressure

a decrease in cardiac output

vasodilation of arteries

an increase in heart rate and contractility

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

View Available Hint(s)for Part E

a decrease in heart rate

an increase in heart contractility

a decrease in cardiac output

vasodilation of arterioles

an increase in heart contractility

sympathetic tone

stretch of vascular smooth muscle

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

atrial natriuretic peptide

stretch of vascular smooth muscle        

Which of the following organs would experience decreased blood flow during exercise?

kidneys

skeletal muscles

brain

skin

kidneys

Blood flow to the skin ________.

is controlled mainly by decreasing pH

increases when environmental temperature rises

increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze

is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

increases when environmental temperature rises

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

lungs

liver

heart

kidney

lungs

Which of the following statements describes the significance of blood pressure changes as blood reaches the capillary beds?

Blood pressure increases as it reaches the capillary beds because capillaries need a higher blood pressure for filtration activities.

Blood pressure drops as it reaches the capillary beds because high pressure would rupture them.

Blood pressure drops as it reaches the capillary beds because capillaries depend on the lower pressure to prevent fluid exchange between the capillaries and interstitial space.

Blood pressure does not change as blood flows from arteries into capillaries.

Blood pressure drops as it reaches the capillary beds because high pressure would rupture them.

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

View Available Hint(s)for Part A

proteins in the blood

blood pressure

blood pressure

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

View Available Hint(s)for Part B

capillary; interstitial fluid

interstitial fluid; capillary

capillary; interstitial fluid

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

View Available Hint(s)for Part C

1 mm Hg

12 mm Hg

34 mm Hg

34 mm Hg

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

View Available Hint(s)for Part D

proteins in the blood

blood pressure

proteins in the blood

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

View Available Hint(s)for Part E

net osmotic pressure

net hydrostatic pressure

net osmotic pressure

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

View Available Hint(s)for Part F

arterial

venous

venous

superior vena cava

aorta

pulmonary trunk

pulmonary vein

pulmonary trunk

inferior vena cava

pulmonary vein

pulmonary arteries

pulmonary trunk

pulmonary vein        

The lymphatic system makes blood cells through a process known as hematopoiesis.

The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.

The lymphatic system produces high fluid pressures to assist in lymph motion.

The lymphatic system transports blood and lymph throughout the body.

The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.

lymphatic vessels lack the three tunics present in veins.

lymphatic vessels transport fluids toward the heart.

lymphatic vessels have valves, while veins do not.

lymphatic vessels collect larger materials

lymphatic vessels collect larger materials

jugular trunk

right lymphatic duct

subclavian trunk

thoracic duct

thoracic duct

Select the correct statement about lymph transport.

Lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling.

Lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins.

Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

Under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits.

Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

The lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

True

False

True

Digested fats are absorbed from the small intestine by a special set of lymphatic capillaries called lacteals.

True

False

True

A

B

C

D

C        

B

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?

pancreas

tonsils

spleen

Peyer's patches of the intestine

pancreas

Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?

They filter lymph.

They produce red blood cells.

They produce lymph.

They return lymph to circulation.

They filter lymph.

Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to ________.

fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it

the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages

mini-valves

the viscous nature of lymph

fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it

Functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT ________.

storage of iron

removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood

storage of blood platelets

forming crypts that trap bacteria

forming crypts that trap bacteria

Which of the following lymphoid organs is NOT matched with its function?

spleen: remove old red blood cells

thymus: site of T cell maturation

bone marrow: form lymphocytes

Peyer's patches: site of B cell maturation

Peyer's patches: site of B cell maturation

The thymus functions strictly in maturation of B cells.

True

False

False ❌

The thymus is responsible for the maturation of T cells, not B cells.
B cells mature in the bone marrow.

The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT ________.

have a cortex and medulla

have lymphocytes

produce hormones

directly fight antigens

directly fight antigens

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?

antimicrobial proteins

complement

inflammation

skin and mucous membranes

skin and mucous membranes

heat

edema (swelling)

pain

impaired function

edema (swelling)

complement

kinins

prostaglandins

histamine

histamine

interferon

complement

opsonins

pyrogens

interferon

Interferons perform opsonization to coat microorganisms.

Interferons activate complement.

Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.

Interferons promote fever, or an abnormally high body temperature

Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.        

Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries?

leukocytosis

chemotaxis

diapedesis

margination

diapedesis

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?

opsonization

tissue repair

fever

T cell activation

opsonization

Inflammation ________.

brings more leukocytes to the site of infection

is caused by bacterial activity to enhance the spread of disease

slows the healing process with swelling that can impair bodily function

is caused by viral activity to enhance the spread of the disease

brings more leukocytes to the site of infection

All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.

Inflammation increases capillary permeability.

Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.

Release of prostaglandins results in pain.

Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury.

Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?

insertion of MAC and cell lysis

enhancement of inflammation

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

opsonization

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

agglutination

opsonization

chemotaxis

diapedesis

opsonization

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

True

False

True

__ T cell slows or stops the immune response

Regulatory T Cell

__ T cell; it's absence results in no immune response

Helper T cell

__ T cell kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells

Cytotoxic

__ cell enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen

Memory cell

__ cell forms antibody producing cells

B cell

by rapidly proliferating to form an army of cells exactly like themselves and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

by being relatively unresponsive to self-antigens so that they do not attack the body's own cells

by being able to recognize their one specific antigen

by recognizing self-antigen

by being able to recognize their one specific antigen