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Cholesterol
Helps maintain the fluidity and stability of the cell membrane.
Centrosome/Centrioles
Involved in cell division and organization of microtubules.
Cytoplasm aka cytosol
Gel-like substance that fills the cell and suspends organelles.
Cytoskeleton
Provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.
Phospholipids
Main component of the lipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Integral proteins
Span the entire lipid bilayer and are involved in transport and cell signaling.
Peripheral proteins
Attached to the surface of the cell membrane and play various roles in cell function.
Transporter proteins
Facilitate the transport of specific substances across the membrane.
Channel proteins
Form pores or channels that allow the passage of specific ions or molecules.
Prokaryotic cells
Simple cells lacking a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
More complex cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Nucleus with nucleolus
Contains genetic material and controls cell activities.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in protein synthesis and modification.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis.
Lysosomes, peroxisomes, and other vesicular structures
Contain enzymes for digestion and breakdown of cellular waste.
Glycoproteins
Proteins with attached carbohydrate chains involved in cell recognition and communication.
Channel/pore proteins
Form open channels for passive movement of ions or molecules.
Receptor proteins
Bind to specific ligands and initiate cellular responses.
Glycoproteins
Play a role in cell recognition, immune response, and cell adhesion.
Carrier proteins
Facilitate active or passive transport of specific substances across the membrane.
Diffusion
Passive movement of molecules or ions from higher to lower concentration.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to concentration gradients.
Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport of molecules or ions across the membrane with the assistance of specific proteins.
Active transport
Movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Hypertonic solution
Higher solute concentration compared to the surrounding solution.
Hypotonic solution
Lower solute concentration compared to the surrounding solution.
Isotonic solution
Equal solute concentration compared to the surrounding solution.
Cell body (soma)
Contains the nucleus and other organelles.
Dendrites
Receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body.
Axon
Transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.
Axon terminals
Release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or effector cells.
Resting potential
Membrane polarization with a negative charge inside the cell.
Depolarization
Membrane potential becomes more positive due to influx of positively charged ions.
Repolarization
Membrane potential returns to its negative resting state by efflux of positively charged ions.
Hyperpolarization
Brief period of increased negativity before returning to resting state.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels
Open in response to depolarizing stimulus, allowing influx of Na+ ions.
Voltage-gated K+ channels
Open with a slight delay after Na+ channels, allowing efflux of K+ ions.
Sodium/potassium pump
Actively transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell to maintain concentration gradients.