APUSH unit 7

7\.1 America in the World Key Terms

Economy

Technogloly

Migration

Foreign Policy

Growth of US economy

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* Growth of large companies 
* Trusts: the increasing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few large corporations, which led to the rise of industrial capitalism
* advances in technology and transportation, 
* the influx of immigrants who provided a large and growing labor force.
* Transitioned from a largely rural agricultural economy to an urban industrial economy. 

Technology and Migration

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* Automobiles 
* Radio 
* access information, entertainment, and advertising o
* WWI + Russia revolution → Massive Migration in search of better economic opportunities, political freedom, or to escape persecution.
* Migrants migrated westward and southward 

Foreign Policy

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* US grew into a dominant position militarily and politically
*  The U.S. annexed Hawaii, acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines from Spain, also acquired the Panama Canal Zone.
* driven by economic interests, political considerations, and a desire for strategic advantage.
* Some Americans viewed expansion as a means of fulfilling the nation's Manifest Destiny and spreading American values and institutions to other parts of the world. 
* Others opposed expansion, arguing that it would lead to entanglement in foreign conflicts and the erosion of American values and traditions.

7\.2 (Imperialism Debates) Key Terms

Imperialism

Anti Imperialists:

Imperialists

Imperialism

The control over another group of people, usually without their consent 

Anti Imperialists

* Wanted to respect other countries’ sovereignty 


* Andrew Carnegie
* Mark twain 
* Social Darwinism 
* Wanted to not take part in aggression 
* Wanted to honor tradition of isolationism 
* argued it would lead to entanglement in foreign conflicts

Imperialists

* Wanted to spread democracy to uncivilized parts of the world


* Believed in Social Darwinism (White people > everyone) 
* Wanted access to new market for manufactured goods
* Wanted to compete with Europe
* Needed new opportunities 
* Saw economic opportunities and benefits to conquering places like Cuba, Hawaii, and Philippines
* Naval bases, cash crops, steam-ship stopping
* Wanted new land cause the west has already been expanded 
* viewed expansion as a means of fulfilling the nation's Manifest Destiny and spreading American values and institutions

7\.3 (The Spanish-American War) Key Terms

jingoism

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Hawaii

Letter of Lome

Causes

Politcal effect

Socail effect

Economic effect

Teller Admemdment

Open door policy

jingoism

Public being swept by a growing wave of jingoism - an intense form of a nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

**Alfred Thayer Mahan**

* writes a book that encouraged high Navy power (1890)
* “Influence of Sea power upon History”

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Hawaii

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* American fruit growers wanted to overthrow **HI** to add to US but adding it as a state was blocked by Cleveland 

Letter of Lome

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* U.S learn that spanish diplomats arenot respecting president 
* Feeds enthusiasm for war

Causes

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* Cuban revolution against Spain 
* U.S felt akin to cause
* Disrupted trade routes
* Yellow press + Media
* Death of 260 Americans on ship “Maine”
* “Remember the Maine, the hell with spain”
* Yellow journalism - use of exaggerated or falsified new stories aimed at increasing circulation of newspapers

Political effects

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* Inspired enthusiasm for expanding US navy
* Emboldened efforts to acquire Hawaii 
* Acquired the philippines and established predominance in the caribbean leading to a nationalist movement 

**Social Effects**

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* Intensified imperialism debate
* Anti-Imperkists argued that was was about liberating Cuba not acquiring the philippines 
* Made it popular to be patriotic 

Economic Effects

* Established better trade access to Asia


* Laid ground work for Panama canal 

**Teller amendment** 

* Congress's response to Mckinley declaring war


* Stated that US had no intention of taking political control and when Peace was restored they would let Cuban people control their own government
* Modified by Platt amendment: 
* Fixed Cuba constitution 
* Allowed U.S to intervene
* Restricts foreign affairs 
* Almost a repeal of Teller Amendment 

open door policy

* US established **open door poicy** in china so that countries were free to trade with China without European powers interfering

7\.4 (The Progressives) Key Terms

Progressivism

Effects

Populists

Who were they

How did they make a change

What did they want

Important people

Theodore Roosevelt

Muckrakers

William Howard Taft

Muller V. Orgeon

Woodrow Wilson 

Progressivism

A social political and economic reform in response to problems caused by indtrilization + immigration

Led to

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* 16th Amendment - Income Tax to decrease wealth inequality
* 17th Amendment - Direct election of senators (More democracy)
* 18th Amendment - Prohibition of Alcohol 
* 19th Amendment - Womens suffrage/franchise (voting rights) 

How were they connected to Populists

Built on populists work

Who were the progressives 

* Urban middle class


* Muckrakers (Investigative journalists) 
* Politicians 

How did they get change?

Seeked legislation and action from federal, state and local governments

What did they want

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* Attack political corruption + disenfranchisement 
* Intuitive, Women suffrage, Secret ballot 
* Urban social change
* Safer treatment + working conditions 
* Address social injustice + moral reform
* Civil rights, temperance 
* Promote economic equality
* Trust busting, banking reform 
* Foster environment preservation 
* National parks, conserve resources 
* Society needs to limit power of big business, improve democracy and strengthen socail justice
* Moderate reforms

Important Populists

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* Jacob Riss - photographer
* Revealed urban poverty → New acts for building standards
* Upton Sinclair - Author
* Wrote ‘the jungle” a mucktacking book that revealed horrifying conditions of Chiago Stockyard 
* Led to Pure Food and Drug act, and Meat insection Act
* Walter Rauschen Busch - Pastor
* Advocate of social Gospel 
* Jane Addams - founder of Hull house
* Advocate for impoverished residents
* Hull house helps immigrents migrate into society 
* John Muir - Natuist and Witer
* Perservationist: Natural American beauty should be kept 
* Conservation: Appreciate some natural land but also use some of it 
* W.E.R DuBois - Writer/Editor 
* First African American Ph.D

Theodore Roosevelt

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* Helped the progressive movement
* Sherman Antitrust Act: Broke bad trusts, regulated good trusts
* Helped protect natural resources: Forest Reserve Act of 1891 + Newland Reclamation act
* Hepburn Act: Enforced fair + Reasonable rates for railroads

Muckrackers

* Named by Theodore Roosevelt


* Instigative journalists that wrote about negative stories 
* Why did they decline
* Difficult to top last story 
* Faced economic pressure
* Cooperations now aware of their public image focused on public relations 
* Boosted the progressivst era by bringing to light about corruption 

Muller V. Orgeon 

High court ruled women needed special protection from long hours

Taft

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* Built on Roosevelts accomplishments
* Trust buster
* 16th amendment - Income tax on wealthy
* Protected natural resources 
* Raised tariff on imports → Created split on republicans, bad for progressives

Woodrow Wilson

* Southern Democrat
* Attacked Tarrifs, banking and trusts 
* Underwood tariff → Lowered Tarrifs
* Federal reserve act → Meant to provide stability in U.S finance system by regulating interest rates and capital reserves required by banks
* Clayton Nati-trust Act → Strengthend Sherman Antitrust Act’s power to break monopolies
* Federal Farm Loan Act: Created banks specifically for farm loans
* Federal Trade commission: Protect consumers by taking action against unfair trade practices

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7\.5 (World War I: Military and Diplomacy) Key terms

Causes

Wilson’s ideology

US joining

Selective Service Act

14 points

Treaty of Versailles

Senate Debate on Treaty

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Causes

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* **M**ilitarism - countries building up militaries in an arms race
* **A**lliances - each country had friends, so any conflict could easily spread
* **N**ationalism - each country thought they were the best and others were evil
* **I**mperialism - European countries competed for territory and spread out
* **A**ssassination - a Serbian nationalist killed Austria-Hungary’s archduke Franz Ferdinand, which sparked the war because of underlying tensions

**Woodrow Wilson Ideology**

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* wanted the U.S. to stay neutral 
* Defined the war effort in terms of creating a global democracy 
* 14 points
* Freedom of Seas
* Self-rule to European colonies
* League of nations

**The U.S. joined because of these reasons** 

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* The U.S. loaned money to allies 
* The Germans could not compete with British naval forces, so they relied on U-boats to attack the British Naval army. 
* The Germans sank the HMS Lusitania in 1915, which killed 123 Americans
* Zimmerman Telegram from Germany to Mexico
* WIlsons desire to spread democratic principles 

Selective Service Act in 1917

A draft

Fourteen Points

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* Wilson traveled over to France for the peace conference but upset the Senate when his delegation to the conference did not include a Senator and only one Republican
* freedom of the seas
*  end to the practice of making secret treaties
*  Self-determination for the various nationalities
*  Removal of trade barriers 
* A general association of nations (the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

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* B - Germany had to accept the sole **blame** for the war. 
* R - Germany was forced to pay billions of dollars in **reparations** (financial damages) to the Allies
*  A - Germany had to give up most of its **army**. 
* T - Germany lost all of its colonial **territory** as well as some of its territory in Europe. 
* Peace treaty

**Senate Debate on Treaty**

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* Article X - denied Congress its right to declare war by mandating military involvement in any war against aggressor nations.
* Wilson does not get the support he thought he would
* Republicans try and say the treaty takes freedom away
* Gets lots of government support
* Wilson wants to go out and argue that its a good thing, but his declining health stops him.
* Rejected both the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

7\.6 (World War I: Homefront) Key Terms

New Immigrants

New fears

Public Response

Immigration limits

Liberty response

Eugeune Debs

Schenck v. United States

urbanization

New immigrants

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* Continued to arrive through the end of the 19th century 
* From Germany, Italy, Russia, and Eastern Europe

New Fears

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* Immigrants from triple alliance countries (Germany)
* Communism
* Antiwar Americans

Public response

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* Anti-German hysteria and extreme patriotism
* Committee on public information 
* Wartime propaganda
* Red scare 
* Result of tension over labor unrest
* first large anti-Communist riots in the United States

Immigration restrictions

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* Immagration act of 1917 
* Used literacy tests to limit immigrants
* Banned immigrants from the middle east and southeast Asia
* Acts of 1925
* Quotas + Limits based on national origins

Liberty response

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* Espionage act (1917)
* Imprisonment for anyone instigating rebellion or disrupting the war effort
* Sedition Act (1918)
* Prohibited disloyal + abusive statements about the US gov or army

Eugene Debs

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* Leader of the socialist party
* Gives speech criticizing the war 
* argued working class was the main victims
* Eventually thrown in jail

Schenck v. United States

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* Schenck was passing around anti-draft leaflets (causing chaos)
* Schenck argued that his freedom of speech was being violated
* Supreme Court ruled that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment could be restricted if the words represented to society a “clear and present danger.”

Urbanization

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* WWI caused an increase in demand for war production, so factories started looking for more workers
* continuing trend that would result in more Americans living in urban areas than in rural areas
* Wilson administration created hundreds of temporary wartime agencies and commissions staffed by experts from business and government.
* Food Administration - encouraged American households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the French and British troop.
* War Industries Board - set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices.
* factories turned to new sources of labor, namely women and African Americans.
* Great Migration - African Americans, fleeing racial terrorism down the South and seeking new job opportunities, moved to northern cities in large numbers.

7\.7 (1920s:Innovation) Key Terms

Technology, Techniques and Communication

Effects of Tech

Automobile

Entertainment

1920 Political and social change

Flappers

Prohibition

Feminism

Aviation

Racism

Agriculture

Technology, Techniques and Communication

* Electrification of household products


* Scientific management
* Automobiles/Ford
* Modern advertising
* Radio

Effects of Tech

* Increased standard of living and consumer culture


* Gender role → women's lives at home are made easier
* Economy and American life centered around the automobile
* Development of national culture, but also made regional differences more apparent

Automobile

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* 1. Economic change → economy is strongly connected to automobiles 
* Glass, steel, rubber, gas
* 2. Social change → More freedom for youth and women 
* 3. Geographic change → Suburbs, highways, billboards
* 4. Parallel historical development → Railroads
* Ford used Fredrick Taylor’s analysis of labor to maximize efficiency in the assembly line
* Negative impacts
* Traffic jams
* Accidents
* By 1929 Americans owned 80% of the worlds automobiles
* Average of 1 car per family

Entertainment

* Radios
* Entertainment, celebrities, sports, news, politics
* By 1923 at least 600 radio broadcasters 
* Cinema
* ¾ of Americans are going weekly
* Highlights eternal differences between regions 
* Rural and Urban divide 

**1920 Political and social change**

* Rural → Urban


* Women jobs
* Nurses, teachers, office
* Wave of immigration → nativism
* Immigration laws 
* Great migration 
* Scope monkeys trail 1925
* National display of modernists and fundamentalists 
* Teacher was charged with violating state law by teaching the theory of evolution in his classroom

Flappers

* New symbol
* New modes of representing feminism
* Rejected old victorian values 

Prohibition

* Volstered act


* 18th amendment 
* Supported by republicans 

Feminism

* Still faced sexism 


* Lower wages
* 19th amendment
* More access to education 
* New home tech
* Washer
* Vacum 

Aviation

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* Imporving tech led to new vast opportunities 
* Lindbergh: New york → Paris
* Demonstrated greatness of technology 
* Restored faith 

Racism

* Suspicion of immigrants, cathlics and modernists led to the rebirth of the K.K.K
* Expanded to north due to migration of black southerns

Agriculture

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* Many farmers struggled
* Able to survive war but many were in debt due to expansion
* Surplus → falling prices

7\.8 Key Terms  (1920s:Cultural and Political Controversies) (mixed with 7.7)

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Urbanization

Nativism

Urbanization

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* 50% population lived in them 
* Chicago, NYC, detroit 
* Residents were big consumers 
* Pull factors
* Economic opportunities (jobs)
* Women, African Americans, Country folk
* Social opportunities (entertainment
* Movies, sports, arts

Nativism

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* Belief that native-born should be protected
* Emercency Qouta Act of 1921
* Limited immigration to 3%
* National Orgins Act of 1924
* Limited immigration further to 2%

7\.9 (The Great Depression) Key Terms

Who felt the effects?

Causes

Buying on margin:

Dust bowl

Hoovers response

Hoovervilles

Bonus March

Who felt the effects

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* Farmers
* Labor unions
* Reformers + politicians

Causes

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* B - **Bank Failure**s when the bank ran out of money because everyone was freaking out and running to the bank to withdraw their money.
* O - Companies and farmers were **overproducing** WAY too many goods. WWI was long over, but they were still producing at those levels. Additionally, when people bought a car or a new appliance, they weren't going to be back in the market for that object for a while….but companies kept producing anyways.
*  P - Consumers began a **purchasing** reduction. In short they weren’t buying at the levels that companies were producing. 
* S - In 1929, the straw that broke the camels back was the **stock market crash**.
* Government role: laissez faire

Buying on margin

Turbo charges bubble of stock, banks gave people money to buy stocks

Dust bowl

* an environmental disaster that occurred in the American West. High winds, low rainfall, and poor soil management practices, which resulted in widespread crop failure and environmental degradation


* Okies: any farmers lost their mortgaged farms and were forced to leave the area

Hoover's repsonse

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* Federal Reserve: responsible for controlling the money supply and interest rates, tightened the money supply and raised interest rates, making it harder for businesses to produce goods/services and harder for consumers to spend money.
* Hawley-Smoot Tariff that raised the taxes on imported goods in an attempt to save US industries. More harm than good 

Hoovervilles

Where the homeless lived in mock of the president 

**Bonus March**

Hoover refused to give WWI veterans their bonus a few years early

7\.10 (New Deal) Key terms

Election of 1932

3 strategies to get out of depression

Brain trust

First 100 days

New Deal programs

1934-1935

1934 midterm elections

1935

Works Project Administration

National Labor Relations Act

Social securtiy Act 1935

Election of 1836

1936: AAA gets shut down

Court-packing scheme (1836)

Election of 1932

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* Hoover v. Roosevelt
* Roosevelt coins new deal
* FDR wins in landslide

3 strategies to get out of depression

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* Induistrail recovery - get buisnesses running again (Factories + trade)
* Agriculture recovery - help farmers
* Short term emergency relief

Brain trust

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* Cabinet members to help FDR
* E. Roosevelt - pioneer that first lady could be helpful
* Francis Perkins - 1st women elected to cabinet; mediated labor convos
* New deal is where government works on behalf of labor

First 100 days

* Idea that president should enact ambitious legislation


* Bank closing - attempt to stop bank runs 
* FDR is good on radio, which helped him win elections and persuade people 
* Emergency Banking Act - Puts money behind banks 
* 2nd banking act - Insures deposits + diminishes bank runs

CCC

 (Civil Conservation Core): employed young men and put them to work on natural parks, fed them, and the men pays money to go back to family

TVA

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 (Tennessee Value Authority): Constructs dams to control floods, irrigation management and electrify homes. Provided for people in Appiclain mountains 

AAA

(Agriculture Adjustment Act): Attempted to get plummeting farm prices under control by paying farmers not to plant crops → creating demands and prices go up

NIRA

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*  (National industrial Recovery Act): tried to organize between government and private cooperations, spotty adherence, thought to be unconstitutional, spirit of new deal
* Clause 7a NRA: Guaranteed labor right to bargain collectively without being fired
* PWA (Public Works Administration): funded heavy construction such as highways and bridges 

1934-1935

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* SEC (Security and Exchange commission); primary focus was stalk trading
* Inside trading: people gave info to tell others what to invest in without public knowledge 
* FHA (Federal Housing Administration): helped support homeowners with mortgages

1934 midterm elections

* FDR is getting backlash from both sides


* Democrat house wins helps FDR
* Allows FDR to go through with second new deal

1935

* Dust Bowl: starts to get really bad, entire farms being covered 


* AAA faltering: Not doing a good job for farmers and migrants
* NRA struck down by supreme court
* New Deal starts to get pushed left by
* Conservative critics like the American Liberty League who argued it destroyed capitalism
* Charles Coughlin: catholic priest and had a radio show who spoke out against FDR
* Huey Long: argued for higher taxes on rich to help poor; radical response to stimulate economy 

Works Project Administration

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* Iconic program for second new deal
* Federal writers project: funded writers, hoped to stimulate tourism 
* Federal threate project

National Labor Relations Act

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* Collective bargning: when unions work out a deal with manager
* Closed shops
* NLRB (National Labor relations board): Meant to be mediations for relationships

Social securtiy Act 1935

Set away money for working citizens so when they retire they have money

1936

* FDR wins again
* AAA gets shut down by supreme court
* Argue that AAA violates the extend on governments power to tax

Court packing scheme (1836)

* FDR argued that every justice over 70 could appoint a new justice to help the old guy, very unpopular, easy to see corruption 

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WWII Key terms

Neutrality Acts

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelts workarounds

Four Freeedom Speech

The Atlantic Charter

Neutrality Acts

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* Series of laws made by congress which legislated a barrier between U.S and Britian conflict
* Banned transportation of arms to europe
* Outlawed involvement in the spanish civil war
* Highly popular as the public was in favor of isolationism 
* Promoted isolationism

Quarantine Speech

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* Says facism (which was licked by isolationists) is a disease 
* Hints to take a role for controllign facism 
* Americans believe FDR is warlike
* Popular isolationists: Henry Ford, Charles zinderbergh 
* Resulted in FDR having to take a step back from war 

**Roosevelts workarounds**

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* Direct result from reaction about Quantine speech 
* Cash and carry (1938): Englands comes with own boats and pays cash for materials, a way to work around neutrality acts
* Destroyers for Bases (1940): We give england battle ships for army bases
* Lend Lease Act (1941): Lend England equipement

**Four Freeedom Speech**

* Freedom of speech


* Freedom of worship 
* Freedom from want
* Freedom from fear

**The Atlantic Charter**

1941 FDR set up secret meeting with churchill to come up with the atalantic charter, an agenda, to give support