Health: The Basics 14th Edition Chapters 1-3

Morality Rate

The proportion of deaths to population

Life Expectancy

Expected number of years of life remaining at a given age, such as at birth

Public Health Model

A result of the individual's interactions with the social and physical environment

Medical model

Health status of both the individual and the biological or deceased organ perspective

Disease Prevention

Actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick

Health Promotion

The combination of education, organization, procedural, environmental, social, and, financial support that help us reduce negative health behaviors and promote and maintain positive change

Risk Behaviors

Increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes

Wellness

The dynamic process of trying to achieve one's potential

Physical Health

Body size and functioning

Social Health (Dimension)

Interpersonal network and successful interaction with others

Intellectual Health

Ability to think clearly and make responsible decisions

Emotional Health (Dimension)

Ability to express emotions and maintain a level of self-confidence

Spiritual Health

A sense of meaning and purpose in one's life

Environmental Health

Appreciation of one's external environment

Determinants of health

factors that influence health

What are the determinants of health?

Individual behavior, biology and genetics, social factors, economic factors, the built environment, pollutants and infectious agents, access to quality health services, policymaking, health disparities, and mindfulness

Individual behavior

Lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, excessive substance use/abuse

Biology and genetics

Genetically inherited traits, conditions, and disposition to diseases

Social factors

Social factors and physical conditions in the environment

Economic factors

Disadvantages include lacking access to quality educational living in poor housing; being unable to pay for nourishing food, clothes, and shoes; not being able to afford utilities, medications, etc

The built environment

Anything created or modified by human beings. Improvements proposed include sidewalks and bike lanes as part of every federally funded road project

Pollutants and infectious agents

These affect the quality of the air we breathe and our land, water, and foods

Access to quality health services

Including physical and mental health and health information

Policymaking

Policies that ban smoking, laws that mandate seat belt use in vehicles and helmets on bikes, policies that require you to be vaccinated before enrolling in classes, and laws that prohibit drinking and driving and cell phone use while driving

Health disparities

Defined as preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health

Mindfulness

A willingness to examine who you are, your view of the world and your place in it, and to cultivate the fullness of each moment

Health Belief Model (HBM)

People's beliefs influence their health-related actions or behaviors. Individuals will likely take action when experiencing a personal threat or risk, but only if the benefits of taking action outweigh the barriers, whether real or perceived

Social Cognitive Model (SCM)

The influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors

Transtheoretical Model

Posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination

Precontemplation Stage

The stage at which there is no intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future

Contemplation Stage

There are intentions to take action and a plan to do so in the near future

Preparation Stage

There is intention to take action and some steps have been taken

Action Stage

Behavior has been changed for a short period of time

Maintenace stage

Behavior has been changed and continues to be maintained for the long term

Termination Stage

There is no desire to return to prior negative behaviors

Steps to Behavior Change

1. Increase your awareness 2. Contemplate change 3. Set a realistic goal 4. Take action to change

Health Equity (Defined)

Condition characterized by an absence of avoidable or remediable differences in health and the attainment of optimal health for all

Health Equity (CDC)

When everyone has an opportunity to attain their health potential and no one is disadvantaged by social determinants

Social Determines of Health (SHOH)

Social economic and physical conditions in the environments in which people live affect a range of health functioning and quality-of-life outcomes and risks

Food insecure

Lacking reliable access to sufficient food

Food deserts

A community in which residents lack ready access to fresh, healthful, and affordable food

Health Literacy

The ability to obtain, process, and understand health information and services needed to make appropriate

Psychological Health

The sum of how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives.

-It includes mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions

Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)

Provides information about characteristics of psychological health and good psychological functioning

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

To be psychologically healthy, basic needs must be met. Without these, life challenges can be difficult, and risks of mental health increase

What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Survival Needs, Security Needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization

Resiliency

The ability to adapt to change and stressful events in healthy flexible ways

Mental Health

Historically used to describe the "thinking" or "rational" dimension of our health: how your mind processes and understands information and experiences

Emotional Health (Psychological Side)

Refers to the feeling, or subjective, side of psychological health

Emotional Intelligence

Refers to the ability to identify, use, understand, and manage one's emotions positively and constructively. Consists of self-awareness, self-management, relationship management, and social awareness

Social Health (Psychological Side)

A wide range of interactions with family, friends, and acquaintances and can have healthy interactions with an intimate partner

Social Bonds

Reflect the level of closeness and attachment we develop with individuals

Social Support

Refers to the networks of people and services with whom you interact and share social connections. Ties can be tangible support and intangible support

Factors that influence psychological health

Family, Support system, Community, Self-efficacy and self-esteem, Learned helplessness versus learned optimism, Emotional intelligence, Personality, Life span and maturity

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Study of the interactions of behavioral, neural, and endocrine functions and the functioning of the boyhood's immune system

Strategies to Enhance Psychological Health

Develop a support system, Complete required tasks, Form realistic expectations, Make time for yourself, Maintain physical health, Examine problems and seek needed help, Get adequate sleep, Use PERMA

What is PERMA?

An acronym representing five elements of well-being to help humans flourish

What are the five elements of PERMA?

Positive emotions: Engage in behaviors that bring you joy; be kind and curious.

Engagement: Adopt mindfulness; invest time in activities that absorb you.

Relationships: Build new relationships and deepen existing ones.

Meaning: Consider your legacy.

Achievement: Set realistic goals and pursue them; put in effort.

Chronic Mood Disorders

Disorders that affect how you feel, such as persistent sadness or feeling of euphoria

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

A less severe form of chronic mild depression that can cause people to lose interest in normal daily activities, have low self-esteem, and have an overall feeling of inadequacy, feelings of hopelessness, and difficulty with productivity that can last for years

Bipolar Disorder

Is characterized by alternating mania and depression; also called manic depression

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A type of depression that occurs in the winter months when sunlight levels are low

Anxiety Disorders

Mental illnesses characterized by persistent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday problems

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Sufferers are consummate worriers who develop a debilitating level of anxiety

Panic Disorders

Characterized by panic attacks, an acute anxiety reaction that brings on an intense physical reaction

Phobic Disorders

Persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Individuals who feel compelled to perform rituals over and over again

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

occurs in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, serious accident, or combat

What Causes Anxiety Disorders?

Biology - Some scientists trace the origin of anxiety to the brain and its functioning

Environment - Anxiety can be a learned response

Social and cultural roles - These may also be a factor in the risks for anxiety

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)

Involves pervasive, unfounded suspicion and mistrust of other people, irrational jealousy, and secretiveness

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

An exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A long-term pattern of manipulation and taking advantage of other people, often in a criminal manner

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Characterized by impulsiveness and risky behavior such as gambling sprees, unsafe sex, drug use, and daredevil driving

Psychodynamic Therapy

Focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering

Interpersonal Therapy

Focuses on social roles and relationships

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas on feelings and behaviors

Behavioral Therapy

Focuses on what we do, uses the concepts of stimulus, response, and reinforcement to alter behavior patterns

Stress

The mental and physical response and adaptation by our bodies to real or perceived change and challenges

Stressor

Any real or perceived physical, social, or psychological event or stimulus that causes our bodies to react to stress

Eustress

A positive stress and presents opportunities for personal growth

Distress

A negative stress that can have a detrimental effect on health

Acute Stress

A short-term physiological response to an immediate or perceived threat

Chronic Stress

An ongoing state of physiological arousal in response to ongoing or numerous perceived threats

Traumatic Stress

A physiological and mental response that occurs for a prolonged period of time after a major stressful event in which one may be seriously hurt, killed, or witness horrible things

What are the two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Energizes the body for fight or flight by signaling the release of several stress hormones

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

Functions to slow all the systems stimulated by the stress response

Allostatic Load

Exhaustive wear and tear on the body

When does the Exhaustion Phase occur?

When the physical and emotional energy used to fight the stressor has been depleted

Immunocompetence

The ability of the body to protect you

Yerkes-Dodson's Law of Arousal

When arousal and stress increases, so does performance

What are physical effects of stress?

Cardiovascular disease, weight gain, hair loss, diabetes, digestive problems, impaired immunity

What are Intellectual, Social, and Psychological Effects of Stress?

Stress with Relationships and Money

What are Psychological Stressors?

Adjustment to Change, Hassles: Little things that bug your, Frustration and conflict, Overload, Stressful environments, Bias and discrimination

Appraisal

Helps us recognize and evaluate stress based on past experiences and emotions

Self-Esteem

Your sense of self-worth-how you judge yourself in comparison to others.

Self-efficacy

The belief or confidence in your skills and performance abilities

What are ways you can manage stress in college?

Practice mental work, develop a support network, cultivate your spiritual side, manage emotional responses, take physical action, manage your time, consider downshifting

What are relaxation techniques for stress management?

Yoga, Tai Chi, Diaphragmatic breathing, meditation, visualization, progressive muscle relaxation, massage therapy, and biofeedback

Yoga

Combines meditation, stretching, and breathing exercises