Lecture 2 - Principles of Motion and Stability; Physical Growth, Maturation, and Aging

biomechanics

Physics is important for motor development because developmental changes result from optimizing __________

Force, Velocitiy, Accuracy, Motion, Stability, Absorption

Optimal biomechanics/physics permit more

Absorption

Ability to absorb the forces that act upon us (e.g., Being tackled in football)

Objects in motion stay in motion until acted upon by force

Newton’s First Law

Inertia

Resistance to motion related to mass

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity.

of the force

When a force is exerted on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction __________

Force = Mass times Acceleration

Newtons Second Law

Force, Mass

Acceleration of a person or object is proportional to the __________ and inversely proportional to its _______

Newton’s second law of motion

When two people collide, the stronger force determines the direction of movement, therefore the stronger force has a higher mass or higher acceleration, this is an instance of what law of motion

Newton’s First law of motion

To make a kicked ball go in a certain direction, the force must be applied in that direction, this is an instance of what law of motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton’s Third Law of motion

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Someone is trying to jump higher, therefore they must applies more force into the ground so the ground applies force back up onto the person, making them jump higher, this is an instance of what law of motion

Stability, Balance

_____ is the ability to resist motion, while _______ is the ability for the body to maintain equilibrium within its center of mass

Centre of gravity

Concentration point of earths gravitational pull

Stability, Balance, Mobility

New movers tend to adopt strategies that maximize _____ and _______ but hinder ________

Rotational Velocity, Radius of Rotation

Linear velocity is the product of _____________ and _______________________

Universality

Growth patterns that hold for all humans

Specificity

Individual variation of growth

Early development is mostly controlled by _________

Genetics

extrinsic

The embryo/fetus is sensitive to ____________ extrinsic factors

Embryonic Growth, Fetal Growth

the 2 Major prenatal periods

Zygote, Blastomere, Blastocyst, Embryo, Differentiation,

Stages of Embryonic Development

Zygote, 0-1

__________ is the stage of Embryonic development where sperm, occurs during days _____

Blastomere, 1-3

__________ is the stage of embryonic development where the zygote divides into an inner group of cells with outer shell, occurs during days _____

Blastocyst, 5-6

__________ is the stage of development where the blastomere attaches to the uterine lining, occurs during days ____

Embryo 6,7

_________ is the stage of embryonic development where the blastocyst imbeds itself into the uterine lining, occurs during days ____

Differentiation 6,7

__________ is a stage in embryonic development where cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs, occurs during days ____

8, human

Approximately __ weeks, the Eyes, Ears, Nose, Mouth, Fingers, and Toes are formed, the ____________ form is noticeable

differentiation, two, directions

During Fetal Growth, _____________ continues to occur, along with growth in ____ ways and _____ directions

Hyperplasia

Growth in the form of an increase in number of cells

Hypertrophy

Growth in the form of an increase in size of cells

Cephalocaudal Growth

Growth in the direction from head to toe

Proximodistal Growth

Growth in the direction from core to extremities

Protective shelter

People falsely believed the maternal environment was a _________________ for the embryo/fetus

Heart disease, Neural Tube

Fetuses are vulnerable to different risks at different time, during weeks 3-6 the embryo is vulnerable to ____________ issues, and during weeks 3-16 the embryo is vulnerable to _____________________ defects

Congenitial

Genetic and extrinsic factors can impact fetal development, any birth defect is termed by a __________________ defect.

a third copy of chromosome #21

Down Syndrome is caused by _________________________________

Sickle Cell Disease, Sickle

_________ occurs when a child inherits two abnormal Hemoglobin genes, causes red blood cells to become ________ shaped

Asymptomatic

Individuals with the Sickle Cell Trait are ____________

Malaria

Sickle Cell originated as a mutation to fight off _______

Gestational Diabetes

Occurs when the metabolic environment for the fetus constantly changes within the utero

Hyperinsulinmia

Increase of fetal glucose caused by maternal hyperglycemia in 3rd trimester

Macrosomia

Elevated insulin and glycogen levels that results in high birthweight

Teratogen

Any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal fetal development

Alcohol, 5.4%

10.7% of pregnant canadian women consume, Newfoundland only has ____

ethical

It is hard to conduct research on a safe amount of alcohol for a fetus to to ______ considerations for the babies health

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental disorders, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Effects caused by alcohol consumption for a fetus

smoke

4.8% of pregnant Canadian women ______

oxygen carrying, fetal hypoxia

Carbon monoxide from smoking may interfere wuth the bloods ___________ capacity, leading to _____________

rupture, abortion, retardation

Prenatal Effects of Smoking involve premature _______ of membranes, Increased chance of spontaneous _________ and intrauterine growth ________________

lower, retardation, respiratory, sudden infant death

Postnatal Effects of smoking involve _______ average birth weight, Long term growth _______, ________ disorders, and ____________________ syndrome

Alcohol

While prescribed drugs are generally safe for pregnant women, many contain ________ which warrents caution

Sigmoid, S Curve

Overall growth, height, and weight follow a ___________ curve (_________)

Specificity

Timing of growth spurts based on sex, nutrition, genetics, exercise, and extrinsic factors are an example of what type of growth

Recumbent, Vertex, Soles of feet

________________ Length is measured from birth until child is able to stand, from the _______ to the ________________

Stature, Vertex, Floor

_____________ is the standing height measured between ______ and ________

at the same rate

Prior to puberty, Stature growth is Boys develop __________ compared to girls

20 inches, 30 inches, 35 inches, 3 inches per year, 2 inches per year.

Stature growth pre-pubescent. Birth:____ Year 1:___, Year 2: _____ Year 3-5:_____ Year 6-adolescense:_____

4 inches, 3 inches

Adolescent Stature growth consists of ___ per year for boys, and ____ per year for girls

17.3 years, 21.2 years

Stature Growth cessation in females is around ____, where for males it is around ______

Peak Height Velocity.

Marker of maturation of which the most height is gained in a period of time

11.5-12 years, 13.5-14 years.

PHV for females is ages ________ , where for male it is ages ______

Sigmoid

Body Weight follows a _______ Pattern

7lb, 22lb, 27lb, 4lb per year, 6lb per year

Prepubescent Weight Growth, Birth: ______, Year 1:_____, Year 2:______, Year 3-5:______ Year 6-adolescence:______

45lb, 35lb

In adolescent weight growth, Males add about ______ of body weight while females add about _____ of body weight

Electronic digital, Chair

______________ scales or ________ scales may be used to measure infant body weight

Peak Weight, Peak Height

____________ Velocity often lags behind __________ Velocity for both males and females

Task Specific, positive, negative, task

The relationship between height and weight is ____________, increased body weight may be _________ or _________ based on the _______

Rate-Limiter

Thin, muscular, and small-boned babies walk earlier, this is an example of weight as a _______________

Wide ___, Short ____ and low ______ make running and jumping tasks more difficult for girls

Wider ____ and longer ____ in boys is an advantage at throwing events

maturation, sex

A key indication of ___________ is secondary _____ characteristics

Breast Development, Pubic Hair, Menarche

Female Secondary Sex Characteristics

Testes growth, scrotum growth, pubic hair

Male secondary sex characteristics

mature

Maturation effects performance as ______ children are often stronger

Genetic, Extrinsic

Influences on Postnatal Growth include: ________ factors and ________ factors

adulthood, middle/late adulthood

Height is typically stable in early __________, but may decrease into _________________

Compression of cartilage, Osteoporosis

Causes of decreased height in older adults