Demographic Transition

Stage 1 - Preindustrial

describes countries that are very early in development,

They have high infant mortality rates (IMR) and high death rates

Families tend to have many children (high Total Fertility Rate or TFR) because:

• Women often don’t have access to education.

• There’s limited access to contraceptives and family planning.

• Children are needed to help with farming.

Stage 2 - Industrializing/Developing

countries start modernizing:

They gain access to clean water, healthcare, and stable food supplies.

However, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) stays high because:

• Women still often lack education and access to contraceptives.

• Families need children to help with farming.

• It takes time for education and social changes to catch up.

• As a result, the population grows quickly because there are many births and fewer deaths.

has some key economic and social signs

Low per capita GDP

People generally earn less money on average

Shorter life expectancy

Low literacy rate and school life expectancy for girls

Fewer girls can read and write, and they often spend less time in school

High infant mortality

High Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Stage 3 - Developed/Industrialized

when a country has a modern economy and society:

Family incomes increase, leading to a significant drop in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) because:

• Women have more educational opportunities.

• Many women marry and have their first child later to focus on their education and careers.

• There is better access to family planning and contraceptives.

  As a result, the population growth slows down because the number of births (CBR) gets closer to the number of deaths

has important economic and social indicators

High per capita GDP

People earn a lot more money on average

Long life expectancy

Low infant mortality

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) near replacement level (2.1)

Families are having about the right number of children to replace themselves

High literacy rate and school life expectancy for all

Most people can read and write, and children stay in school for a long time

Stage 4 - Post-Industrialized/Highly Developed

describes very wealthy and modern countries:

• The Total Fertility Rate continues to decline as families get richer and focus more on education and careers.

• With more wealth and education, people use family planning and contraception even more.

• The number of births becomes lower than the number of deaths , leading to a decline in population.

has these economic and social signs”

Very high per capita GDP:

People earn a lot of money on average

Longest life expectancy

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) below replacement level (2.1)

Families are having fewer children than needed to replace themselves

Highest contraceptive use rates

Many people use birth control methods