Geography exam
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101 Terms
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Geography
The study of Earth’s physical features, climate, and human activities, including population, resources, land use, and industries.
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Geographic Perspectives
Different ways geography examines issues: social (people & quality of life), economic (jobs & money), environmental (natural systems), and political (government & laws).
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Spatial Patterns
The way things are arranged on Earth’s surface.
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Clustered Pattern
When many features are located close together.
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Dispersed Pattern
When features are spread far apart.
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Linear Pattern
When features follow a line such as a road, river, or railway.
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Interrelationships
The connections between humans and the natural environment.
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Human–Natural Interrelationship
Humans affecting the natural environment, such as farming changing land.
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Natural–Human Interrelationship
Natural events affecting humans, such as floods damaging cities.
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Natural–Natural Interrelationship
Natural processes affecting other natural features, like volcanoes forming islands.
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Geotechnologies
Tools used to collect, analyze, and display geographic data.
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GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
Technology that analyzes and layers map data.
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
Uses satellites to find exact locations on Earth.
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Remote Sensing
Collecting data using satellites or aircraft.
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Canada’s Provinces and Territories
Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories, each with its own capital city.
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Canada’s Population Distribution
Most Canadians live in southern Canada near the U.S. border.
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Ontario Capital
Toronto
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Quebec Capital
Quebec City
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Manitoba Capital
Winnipeg
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Saskatchewan Capital
Regina
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Alberta Capital
Edmonton
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British Columbia Capital
Victoria
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New Brunswick Capital
Fredericton
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Prince Edward Island Capital
Charlottetown
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Nova Scotia Capital
Halifax
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Newfoundland and Labrador Capital
St. John’s
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Yukon Capital
Whitehorse
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Nunavut Capital
Iqaluit
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Northwest Territories Capital
Yellowknife
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Canadian Landform Regions
Major regions include the Canadian Shield, Interior Plains, Western Cordillera, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, Appalachians, and Arctic Archipelago.
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Plate Tectonics
The movement of Earth’s crustal plates that cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.
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Canada’s Plate Location
Canada is mostly located on the North American Plate.
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Glaciers
Large moving masses of ice that shaped much of Canada’s landscape through erosion and deposition.
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Canadian Shield Glacial Features
Many lakes and rocky land left behind by glaciers.
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Climate Factors
Climate is affected by latitude, ocean currents, winds, air masses, elevation, relief, and nearness to water.
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Climate Change
Long-term changes in global temperatures mainly caused by human greenhouse gas emissions.
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Natural Disasters
Events like floods, wildfires, earthquakes, and hurricanes that cause major damage.
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Renewable Resources
Resources that can replenish naturally, such as forests and fish.
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Non-Renewable Resources
Resources that cannot be replaced, such as oil and minerals.
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Sustainability
Using resources responsibly so future generations can meet their needs.
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Ecological Footprint
A measure of how much land and water are needed to support a lifestyle, measured in global hectares (GHA).
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Primary Economic Sector
Extracting natural resources.
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Secondary Economic Sector
Manufacturing and processing goods.
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Tertiary Economic Sector
Providing services.
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Quaternary Economic Sector
Knowledge, research, and technology-based work.
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Canada’s Energy Use
Canada uses renewable energy like hydroelectric power and non-renewable energy like oil and natural gas.
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World Population Trends
The global population is still growing but at a slower rate, with increasing urbanization.
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Population Pyramids
Graphs that show age and sex distribution to predict population changes.
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Canada’s Population Growth
Canada grows mainly through immigration and has an aging population.
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Urban Population in Canada
Most Canadians live in urban areas in southern regions.
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Livability
How suitable a place is for living based on housing, safety, services, and environment.
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Urban Issues
Problems such as food deserts, traffic congestion, and urban heat islands.
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Urban Sprawl
Spread-out, low-density development that increases car use and environmental impact.
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Smart Growth
Planned, compact development that supports transit, walkability, and sustainability.
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Flashcards (57)