City and the world kanopy

What was the film that captured NYC’s poorest neighborhoods created by Helen Levitt, James Agee, and Janice Loeb called

In the Street

What was the changing makeup in East Harlem

Italian → black ppl + Hispanics

Where was the end of the war announced and celebrated

Times square

Where was most of the defense spending going

South + West coast

Who succeeded La Guardia as mayor

Ex-policeman William O’ Dwyer

What were the two competing visions of NYC

City of tomorrow by Moses vs old working city of Walt Whitman, Al Smith, Emma Lazarus

Who did La Guardia tell that Moses had too much power

Walter Binger

Who was the first to sense that cities have been obsolete by cars

Architect and urban theorist Le Corbusier

How did Le Corbusier make ppl merge with cars

Tore streets down and put up giant slabs connected by highways

Where was the UN built

Turtle Bay by the east river, 17-acre land called Blood Alley

• Le Corbusier was the lead architect

• No windows facing north/south, swooping roof 

What other places were options for the UN

Pound ridge, Westchester, Philadelphia

What were the two big migrations to NYC by 1950

Great black migration from the south + Puerto Rico

How many PR were in NYC by 1949

300k

What was the great tragedy for Puerto Ricans

Came to NYC as industrial workers when the economy was turning post-industrial

What was the change in industrial jobs from 1950-2000

1 million to 200k

How many ppl were in the area that Moses was building in

12 million ppl

How many sq miles was NY + its suburbs

2100 sq miles

What did Moses immediately gain control of after WW2

City housing authority

What role did Moses create + its impact

Construction coordinator

• Any city request for federal $$ went through him (public housing, federal highway)

Who told Moses abt Title One and what was it

Senator Robert Taft, slum-clearance program that confiscated land in rundown areas for private develops

• Building housing on/for poor ppl (theoretically)

What was the reality of Title One

Housing was for the middle class + not the black/Hispanic ppl that needed it most

How many poor ppl were moved out bc of Title One 

100k

Where were black NYers forced after being kicked out 

Bed-Stuy and Harlem

What did the Slum Clearance Committee do 

Removed nonwhite ppl from areas where developers wanted to create white neighborhoods

What did Moses eliminate

Streets + commercial life

How did the private-housing market make $$

Gave poor ppl mortgage guarantees + the federal gov gave the banks $$ if those ppl defaulted

• Helped in suburb development 

What was the single most important public-works project since the Erie Canal

41k mile system of arterial highways

How much $$ was spent on federal-funded highways over 15 yrs

$1.5 billion

What was Moses’ most devastating project

Cross Bronx Expressway that carved thru East Tremont which was mostly Jewish, Irish, German, and black ppl

How many neighborhoods did the Cross Bronx Expressway go thru

12/15

Who was running for mayor + promised not to approve the route for the Cross Bronx Expressway but flipped

Robert F. Wagner Jr

Who built the Cross Bronx Expressway

General Thomas F. Farrell and his aide Chapin 

• Built Burma road

How long did the Cross Bronx Expressway take to build 

12 yrs

How many neighborhoods + ppl did the expressways in all 5 boroughs destroy

21 neighborhoods and 250k ppl

How many roads and miles of concrete were built

13 and 130

What place was part of the poorest congressional district in the entire country

Mott Haven

Who captured the alien city landscape

30 y/o poet Allen Ginsburg

• Insatiable old testament God Moloch where children were ritually sacrificed

How many public jobs did Moses hold at once

12

What was on Moses’ license plate of his limo

2000

How many white Brooklynites left after WW2

500k in 20 yrs

How many black ppl move into Brooklyn after WW2

500k

What was NY’s greatest waterfront attraction

Intrepid which was a ship that didn’t sail

• Flight deck with jet warplanes

How many ppl lived in NY by 1960

40 million ppl (1 in 4 americans)

What was one of the worst things to happen in NY history and why did it happen

Penn station was destroyed bc Pennsylvania railroad had no $$ and planned to replace it w/ an office tower + sports facility 

What was NY the center of according to French demographer Jean Gottman

Megalopolis 

What was the personal change in Moses

Wanted power to build the things he wanted TO wanting to build things bc of the power it gave him

What did Moses call the bridges and tunnels connecting the city to LI

The metropolitan arterial tapestry

What were the two initiatives for the West Village 

Urban-renewal project for 14 blocks along Hudson st and eight lane elevated highway from the East river to the Hudson across Lower manhattan 

• Other ideas: mid Manhattan expressway across 30th st in the air, Upper manhattan expressway that ran at ground level at 125th st

Who was the leader to save Manhattan from the same damage the Bronx faced

Jane Jacobs who lived at 555 Hudson St

• Opened possibility of empathy as a political force in the 60s

What was the name of Jacobs’ book criticizing urban economies at that time

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

• Independent-functions nature of urban economies, sharing public space

• Sacking of cities, not rebuilding

What did Jacobs and her allies plan

West Village building project based on rehabilitation

What was the center of political dissent (since the Triangle factory fire)

Greenwich Village

Climax of fight over Lower Manhattan expressway

•  Board of estimate meeting at City hall, Desalvio’s speech, Board of estimate unanimously turned down proposal for lower manhattan expressway

What codified Moses’ power

Landmarks Preservation Commission that saved Brooklyn heights, Greenwich village, Soho

Ppl are not only connected in being neighbors but are connected in ____

Time

What happened in the 1964 riots

Off duty policeman shot and killed a 15 y/o boy causing riots in Harlem and Bed Stuy for 5 days 

Who succeeded Wagner as mayor

Liberal ex-congressman John Lindsay

What ideas surrounded American cities in the 60s and 70s

Cars, corporate office park, suburban residential division

What was the biggest industry in the Bronx during the 70s

Arson

How were landlords able to collect $$

Insurance from burning down apartments rather than collecting rent from buildings that needed renovations

• Landlord arson 

What was a symbol of urban decline by 1973 and how many apartments were destroyed

South Bronx and 43k apartments/2k city blocks

How much $$ was going towards how much NYC debt a year

$2 billion a year towards $11 billion debt

How much did NYC have to pay banks

$6 billion

What did NYC ask regarding their debt

Asked federal gov for more than $2 billion in emergency loan guarantees

• Ford said no bc municipal default would be good for the city/”spendthrift”but then gave money a month later

What contrasted against the gray neighborhoods

Graffitied trains and rap

When did NYC balance the city budget

1981

NYC was solved by fiscal ____

Austerity

What helped NY invent itself

Heterogeneity of the city, entrepreneurial spirit, density and concentration, openness to change

What did Emma Lazarus call the great human gateway that the federal gov reopened

The golden door

What % of NYers were born outside of the U.S. by the end of the 20th century

43%

What did urban places play a crucial role in

Urban tapestry

What did George M. Cohan call broadway

A fabulous invalid