Criminal Justice in America Exam 2

The development of the trait theory can be traced to which of the following era?

19th century europe- when scientific method began to gain attention

True/False: Charles Darwin's treatise - On the Origin of Species - was quite influential in the development of trait theories because it inspired other scientists to study the natural world.

True

The notion that some people are born criminal is associated with the work of which of the following theorists

Cesare Lombroso

Sociobiology assumes that criminal behavior is an interaction between biological traits and .............................

The environment

Read the two statements below carefully and pick the appropriate one(s) according to the basic propositions of trait theories

1. Trait theorists are concerned with basic human behavior and drives such as aggression, violence, and the tendency to act on impulse

2. Trait theorists generally suggest that crime is not inherited but rather acquired in the process of social interaction

Only 1 is true

Children with ADHD express impulsivity and hyperactivity and are predisposed towards deviant behavior in adulthood. ADHD in this statement is an abbreviation for........................................

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Which of the following experiments has been used to test the empirical validity of trait theories?

Identical twins raised in different environment

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective is also known as ............................

Psychodynamic Theory or Psychoanalysis

According Sigmund Freud, the human personality is formed by the interplay of three components namely.........................

ID, Ego, and Superego

True/False: A psychopath is a selfless person who cares about hurting the feelings of others*

False

Which of the following criminological theorists proposed the idea that crime is inevitable in society and helps to define the boundaries of acceptable social behavior?

Emily Durkheim

Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay argue that the organization of cities make certain areas more prone to crimes than do other areas. This view is known as

Social Disorganization Theory

The misalignment between culturally approved goals and culturally approved means create a pressure that gravitate members of society towards criminality. This statement BEST summarizes what theory of crime?

Merton's Strain Theory

According to Shaw and McKay, ............................ zone has the highest crime rate

Transitional Zone

The idea that neighborhood disorder creates fear in the minds of residents, weakening social control and increasing the likelihood of crime is known as ..................................

Broken windows

Subcultures have norms that are different from the norms of the dominant culture. Those who are perceived as law breakers are merely following the deviant norms of their subcultures. These statements summarize what form of social structure theory?

Cultural Deviance Theory

True/False: According to social structure theories, the criminal is NOT a product of society.

False

Scholars from the ......................... school found that regardless of race, religion, or ethnicity people living in certain parts of a city were more predisposed to crime than those living in other areas within the same city

Chicago

True/False: According to the Mertonian strain theory, the innovator is described as a person who accepts both the means and goals of society and therefore refuses to commit crime.*

False

Which of the following crimes will critical criminologists likely consider the 'REAL' crimes

Environmental pollution and stock market manipulations

The body of theories that suggest that people's upbringing plays a major role in determining whether they will commit crime in adulthood is known as .........................

Social process theories

Social process theories are also known as ........................................

Socialization theories

Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction. A criminal is he who has more contact with groups that promote delinquency than those that promote conformity. These statements summarize what theory of criminal behavior?

Edwin Sutherland- Differential Association Theory

The following are principles of differential association theory EXCEPT..............................

Criminal behavior is inherited

People become criminals as a result of societal negative labels. This statement best describes what theory of criminal behavior?

Labeling Theory

The view that people commit crime when the forces that bind them to society are weakened or broken is known as ..................................

Social Bond Theory or Social Control Theory

Parenting style that is supportive, effective, and non-coercive is known as ......................

Parental efficacy

True/False: Religious beliefs and participation help to reduce involvement in criminality*

True

True/False: Differential reinforcement theory is an original theory. It is NOT a refinement of differential association theory*

False

Hirschi's control theory has social bond as its major variable. According to Hirschi, however, social bond has .......................... number of components?

4 components.... One of which is belief

Contemporary critical criminologists are interested in the following EXCEPT .....................................

Explaining the influence of disorganized neighborhoods on crime

The notion that society is composed of two opposing groups who are in always constant struggle for control of economic resources is known as ............................................

Social conflict

Read the two statements below carefully and pick the appropriate one(s) according to Karl Marx

1. The proletariat controls the means of production and donates capital to the bourgeoisie

2. The bourgeoisie controls the means of production and seeks to maximize surplus value

Only 2 is true

Critical criminologists often argue that crime is a byproduct of .....................................

None of the above

In what ways has globalization impacted crime in the last few decades?

Globalization has resulted in new forms of crime, posing great challenges to law enforcement agents across the globe

Review the list below carefully and pick the one that DOES NOT contain an ODD item

1. Surplus value, social conflict, social disorganization

2. Surplus value, social conflict, proletariat

3. Surplus value, proletariat, parental efficacy

2 only

An area of scholarship that analyzes the unequal distribution of power between men and women within a patriarchal, capitalist system is known as ................................

Feminist Criminology

Which of the following are the TWO broad theories with which critical criminologists explain crime in society?

Instrumental Theory and Structural Theory

True/False: Critical criminologists have been criticized for attempting to rob the rich to pay the poor

True

True/False: Karl Marx's original intent in the Communist Manifesto was to develop a theory of crime

False: primary purpose was to outline the principles of communism and call for the working class to rise against the capitalist class.